TIME TO START SOMETHING NEW
(ca. 3min guitar version with only one pad, then 3 chord build-up to climax)
(F-e1 is 003210, Gup2 is open G moved up 2 frets, G and Em and sometimes C add e1+b1 )
Prelude
Loo -king for a -ah, bet -ter way -ay to be -ee?
F F F F remove e1 F-e1 % % %F(-1) h.o e3 F(-1)+e3 G G G(My G 320033)
A bet -ter wa -ay to be
C C+E1 C C C h.o B3 C+B3 C
A bet-ter way to be A bet-ter way to be A bet-ter way to be (echoes possibly with drums then C chord pad )
First you have to real -ly wa -ant it
C C C C G G F-e1 F-e1 F-e1
It’s up to you and me
G2 D3 h-o to D0 A3 A0 A3 (C chord to start next line)
Pic -ture it in our own minds (need edit so line comes immediately after previous)
C C C C G G F-e1
It’s up to me and you
G2 D3 h-o to D0 A3 h-o toA0 A3 (C chord to start next line)
Use a li -ttle, I -ma -gi nay -ay -shun (need edit so line comes immediately after previous)
C C C C G G slideGup2frets F-e1 F-e1 F-e1
Seek they say and you will fi-ind
C C C C G G F-e1
We’ll find
e5 e0
It’s up to you and me
G2 D3 h-o to D0 A3 h-o toA0 A3 (C chord to start next line)
doo-doo, doo-doo doo, doo-doo, doo, d -doo -doo
C C G G G F-e1 F-e1, F-e1, F-e1 F-e1 F-e1
It’s up to me and you
G2 D3 h-o to D0 A3 h-o toA0 A3 (C chord to start next line)
Then immediately into verse with effects and sound as in demo
I’m up for change, now, how ‘bout you?
F F F F F C C G
You wan-na e-scape his-stor-ry too? (with effect as in demo)
Well you’re, gon-na have to change so -ome, too
C h-oG G
BASS E0 0 h-o 3 3
We’ve got to mean it, when we say
C C C C C G G C
That’s there’s a lot that’s, got to, change
C C C C C G Gup2 F-e1
It’s real -ly come down to-oo you and me
C C C C C C G G Em
To be the ones to set, up, to -day -ay
F F F F F F F-e1 F-e1 G
The kind of game, we, want to -oo, play -ay
F F F F F F-e1 F-e1 h-oG G
Electronic music as in original with lyric almost whispered to unconscious patient, or as secret – hypnotic suggestion
O -pen your eyes
d0 2 0 4
g0 0ho2 2 0 b0
O -pen your mind
d0 2 0 5 or g0
g0 0ho2 2 0 b1
C
O -pen your heart
d0 2 0 g2
g0 0ho2 2 0 b3
G
And there you will fi -ind
d0 0 0ho2 0 g2 0
g0 0 2 0 b3 1
G C
F Am G (dramatic build-up of 3 chords, with last allowed to trail, to underline following climax)
It’s time to start, some-thing new
C C C C G G C
Sure -ly you can feel it too
C C C C G Gup2 C
Some -thing good is on it’s way -ay now
C C C C G G C h-o Am Am
It’s gon -na be here an -ny day -ay now
Am Am Am Am Am G G (or Gup2) C C C
Echoes Now Now Now Now Now Now fading off then vox with choral harmonies as in demo
The time has fin-’ly come at last
It’s time to break free from the past
This could be a dream come true -oo -oo
I guess it’s up to me and you -oo -oo
There’s no li -mit to what we-ee, ca-an, dooooo
g2 g2 d3 d0 a3 a0 C G C
What we I -ma -gine, we can, rea-eal -ee-ee dooooo
g2 g2 g2 d3 d0 a3 a0 C G C
If our minds and hearts are re-eal -ly-ee troooo
g2 g2 d3 d0 a3 a0 C G F-e1
Just try and you will see
g2 d3 h-offtod0 a3 a0 a3 C
There’s no -thing we can -’t, do
g2 d3 h-offtod0 a3 a0 h.offtoa3 a3 C
Coda to fade out on as in demo
a3 3 3 2 3 C d2 2 2 0 h-o2 2 Am d2 2 2 0 3 F d3 3 2 a3 C d3 2 0 d3 2 a3 g3 2 0 g3 2 a0 h.o2 2
G (as I play it +b3+e3) Em+b3+e3 x32033 Em+a3+b3+e3 G (as I play it +b3+e3) (Repeat line)
x02200 x02200h.ob1(to form Am) x02200 Am Em G (as I play it +b3+e3) etc
(Or play lower pitched (or both) on E string)
E3 3 3 2 3 G a2 2 2 0 2 Em a2 2 2 0 C a3 3 2 E3 G a3 2 0 3 2 E3 a3 2 0 3 2 E0 h-o2 2
G (as I play it +b3+e3) Em+b3+e3 x32033 Em+a3+b3+e3 G (as I play it +b3+e3)
G (as I play it +b3+e3) Em+b3+e3 x32033 Em+a3+b3+e3 G (as I play it +b3+e3)
x02200 x02200h.ob1(to form Am) Am Em G (as I play it +b3+e3) etc
Vegan Republic Anthem for guitar
Notation is bass E a d g b e with fret numbers
g0 2 b0 g2 0 b3
g0 2 b0 b1 e0 b3
b3 1 0 g2 e2 e3 b1 g0 2 b0 e2 3
g0 2 0 e3 2 b3
g0 2 0 b3 1 0 g2 0 or e3 2 0 b3 1 0
b3 e0 2 3 2 0 b3
b3 e0 2 5 7 3
g0 2 0 b3 1 0 g2 0
b3 e0 2 3 2 0 b3
b3 e0 2 5 7 3
g0 2 0 b3 g0 2 0 b1 g0 2 0 b1 0 g0
G A D D+3 D A G
Bold is second run through for singing to (more comfortably pitched) and higher is first run through as musical prelude
This is the land for you
g0 2 b0 g2 0 b3
d0 2 4 2 0 g2
This is the land for me
g0 2 b0 b1 e0 b3
d0 2 4 g0 4 2
In this land we are free
b3 1 0 g2 e2 e3
g2 0 d2 4 b2 3
Sweet land of li -ber -ty
g0 2 0 e3 2 b3
d0 2 0 b3 2 g2
peace and pro -sper -i -ty
g0 2 0 b3 1 0
d0 2 0 g2 0 d4
If you are see -king -jus -tice
g2 b0 2 3 2 0 g2
g2 4 b2 3 2 g4 2
b3 e0 e 2 3 2 0 b3
In word, and, in deed (alt to line below which may be redundant in context of other iterations of ideas)
g2 4 e0 2 b3
Re-spect, Truth, and, hon-es-ty
g2 2 4 2 e0 2 b3
g2 2 4 b2
then Raise up your voice
g0 0 2 0 b3
d0 0 2 0 g2
Your spir -its high
g0 2 0 b1
d0 2 0 g0
Join in and sing, with, me
b0 2 0 e3 2 b3
g0 2 0 b1 0 g0
d0 2 0 g0 d4 0
We-re for truth
d0 4 0
Dig -ni -ty
g2 b0 g0
d0 5 0
Jus -tice and al -ways to -tal hon -es -ty
e3 2 0 b3 1 0 g2 b0 g2 0
b3 2 g4 2 d5 4 2 4 2 a5
Free for you
go b0 g0
d0 4 0
Free for me
g0 b1 g0
d0 g0 d 0
As long as we tread on no-one’s li-ber-ty
e0 3 2 0 3 1 0 g2 b0 g2 0
d0 b3 2 0 g2 0 d4 2 4 2 0
g0 2 0 b3 1 0 g2 0
b3 e0 2 3 2 0 b3
b3 e0 2 5 7 3
We can be ev -er -y -thing that we want -ed to be
g0 2 0 e3 2 0 b3 1 0 g2 b0 g2 0
d0 2 0 b3 2 0 g2 0 d4 2 4 2 0
It’s for you It’s for me For e -ver -ry -thing that we wan -ted to be
g0 bo g0 g0 b1 g0 g0 e3 2 0 b3 1 0 g2 b0 g2 0
d0 g0 d0 d0 4 0 0 d3 2 0 g2 0 d4 2 4 2 0
It’s for you
d0 4 0
It’s for me
d0 5 0
For ev -’ry -thing good we can poss -i -bly be
g2 b3 2 0 g2 d5 4 2 4 2 a5
g0 e3 2 0 b3 1 0 g2 b0 g2 0
All work has it’s own dig -ni -ty
g2 2 2 4 b2 3 2 g2
d1 1 1 3 1 g1 0 d1
Rai-sing up hu -man -i -ty
d0 0 2 0 g2 0 d4
a3 3 d0 a3 d3 2
Col-lect-ive-ly
and in-di-vi-du-al-ly
Just as we were meant to be (something like that)
As ve-gans we’re proud to be
Free of hy-poc-cri-sy
And so we de-serve, to be
Free in pros-sper-i-ty
Fa-cing chal-len-ges to-geth-er
To leave a bright le-ga-cy
We act as a team
U-ni-ted we’re strong
In Sol-i-dar-i-ty
land of / home to truth and
land of / home to jus-tice
land of /home to li-ber-ty
DECEIVER
Decei-ver, and their believ-ers, Cast-ing dark-ness, Breed-ing in-san-i-ty
Mad-ness, De-lusion,myth cre-a-tors,Take your free-dom, E-ven your breath
De-prive you of your na-tive li-ber-ty
Crush your spir-it, liv-ing deaths
Poi-son your bo-dy and mind
So now your blood runs thick not free
In-sane a-sy-lum
They call so-ci-e-ty
But your lies, I say
Have no hold on me
The chains you forge
won’t re-strain me
You have no pow-er
Though I can’t fight you
My mind is free
I know what should and should NOT be
this is just one world
One life
then I’ll be free
Free of your lies
Your in-san-i-ty
There are bet-ter plac-es
And ways to be
soon I will say good-bye
You won’t need to wor-ry ’bout me
have your toxic cake and eat it too
be-cause the lies you set on others
soon will be coming back for YOU
V-coin
I respect your time, so I will get straight to my proposal. If you don not grok this, you simply MUST read what follows, to gain a
basic understanding of what money is. And then read my TROONATNOOR books to comprehend the power of money to
transform this world for better or worse. I seek to ensure money becomes a force for positive, constructive, generative, creative,
compassionate, evolution of society, and humanity, on every level.
Vegan Coin will be a token that, using the best security protocols, will be issued by a single authority, the TREASURY OF THE
VEGAN REPUBLIC, which may need to be grounded in law as a VEGAN HOLDING COMPANY or VEGAN CHURCH, to
optimalize its relationship to the local legal codes and institutions.
The value of all V-coin in circulation will be the value of goods and services for which it can be exchanged.
There are many ways we can ensure V-coin will not be attractive to speculators as just another instrument for financial
speculation and profiteering from manipulation of market value. I am not aware of any way to avoid secondary markets
emerging for V-coin, but there are many actions a Central Issuing Authority can take to deter any speculation. In this way any
secondary ‘trading’ of V-coin that occurs will benefit our enterprise, rather than undermine it.
The ultimate aim is to realise the aspirations expressed in ‘Golden Age’ and ‘Garden of Eden’ myths, and the promises made in
Religious Narratives, of a Vegan world, a ‘Kingdom of heaven on earth’, via the establishment of a MODEL Sovereign VEGAN
NATION capable of producing every positive good and service required to enjoy the highest standards of living, in which V-coin
would be the sole currency for exchange. In other words the ambition is to ensure that any positive good or service you might
desire could be purchased with V-coin.
I say MODEL because I may not have a chance to realise this ambition, thus it may remain a theoretical model for future
persons with the power to turn it into a reality. And also because, should we manage some such enterprise, it would represent
the MODELLING of the optimal system, which others might seek to emulate to promote their own ‘causes’.
V-coin will be issued in exchange for goods and services provided to The Vegan Republic (The Vegan Holding Company – The
Vegan Church) by The Treasury of The Vegan Nation. It will take an electronic form. It will be a digital currency. Issued by, and
secured by, a Central Authority.
The value of V-coin will be the nominal value of V-coins issued, divided by the assets owned by, and the real value of goods
and services produced by, The Vegan Republic, held by The Vegan Holding Company, and offered by those voluntarily
participating as CITIZENS of The Vegan Republic and-or members of The Vegan Church. The more people who join in the
enterprise, accepting V-coin as payment for their goods and services, the higher the REAL value of V-coin.
Traditionally governments offered services in return for taxes. Governments issued currency or script to pay their workers, and
to pay for goods and services they required to operate. Such services include, today, education and health services. Such
services might form the bulk of our initial GDP. But we shall extend them to include any and all services that (at first Virtual)
citizens of The Vegan Republic are willing to provide in exchange for V-coin.
Why would a hairdresser or dentist or tradesperson accept V-coin? For the same reason they accept worthless paper currency
today. Namely to buy goods and services from other people. It is an act of faith. Belief that others will accept the paper or digital
ledger values that they have accepted, for their time, effort, sacrifice, risk, and capital, in return for THEIR effort, sacrifice, time,
risk, and capital.
Money conventionally enters circulation as follows. The government FORCES their citizens, and even those of foreign nations
in the case of U.S dollars, to accept their fiat currency in return for their goods and services. The Government FORCES people
to take worthless paper as PAYMENT for their services and goods. Then the same government EXTORTS citizens to pay
taxes, by threats of violence, including fines, prison time, and confiscation of real property. This is how the government script,
worth nothing, quickly gains nominal value and becomes ‘money’.
If the King or Government invest most of the taxes wisely in schemes that increase the productivity of their citizens, so that
more REAL value (Gross Domestic Product) is produced, taxes become a form of forced investment, that yields increasing
Gross Domestic Product. So that the money is ultimately backed by the GDP of the nation, and comes to have a REAL value.
So we are not asking anything unusual. Only we are making it voluntary. Based on informed consent. And we shall never waste
any resources or deceive people into accepting worthless or even negative value, in return for V-coin. We shall never coerce
anyone into participation. We shall never force anyone to accept V-coin. We shall not allow speculation in V-coin. We shall
continue to reinvest the services and goods, the money, the land, the commodities, that we receive in return for newly minted Vcoin, back into productive, positive value adding, VEGAN enterprises.
We are simply offering a superior service. On the basis of voluntarism and informed consent. Rather than force and coercion
and violence. And often deception and fraud. People will be able to ‘try and see’ if V-coin works for them. If it does not, they will
be free to revert to their local currencies. In fact they will have no option but to participate in the conventional economy, and
monetary systems, while adopting V-coin, initially, as a second currency, because not all goods and services will immediately
be available in exchange for V-coin.
I cannot predict which service providers will first offer their services in exchange for V-coin. But all charities and not-forfinancial-profit organisations should consider this model. The first people ‘buying’ V-coin from our treasury will probably do it on
the basis most people today donate to their favorite charities. As an act of good will. Assuming the charities act in good faith,
and ‘invest’ the money in ways the proposed beneficiaries of the goodwill will actually benefit from.
That is not to say V-coin is a charity. While other charities might wish to emulate this model, and mint their own coin, The Vegan
Republic is about founding an actual Republic, based on Vegan principles. Initially this will occur through education and health
service provision. Whether offered electronically or in bricks and mortar schools and facilities. Or in the homes of teachers and
health care providers.
Money is a form of control. The current system appropriates most of the value produced for a tiny elite who manipulate the
financial system and mass media to deceive and trick the population into participating voluntarily, with the backing of the full
violence of the state to force and coerce participation where the people do not fall for these lies and tricks, and would not,
without threats of state violence, participate.
V-coin offers a way to ‘finance’ The Vegan Republic’ and turn a dream into reality. It is a framework upon which a Vegan
community can form and a Vegan society can develop.
We can consider what large scale ‘exports’ our Vegan Republic might initially offer. Education appears to me to be the first best
large scale enterprise. It can be offered virtually, with no need for real estate. But also I can foresee all sorts of tradespeople
and business people being willing to exchange their goods and services and cash for V-coin, in order to guarantee their
children the highest quality education. The people actually building the school will be able to use the V-coin they are paid in, to
pay for the education of their children, in the actual buildings they have built.
It is important to note that initially our Vegan Nation would not be able to produce every good and service itself. So people will
have to buy things no-one is currently accepting V-coin for, with cash. Our administration will have access to cash obtained
when people buy V-coin from our treasury. However other people will need to participate in the conventional economy in order
to earn cash to pay for goods and services that, at least in the very short term, no-one is willing to accept V-coin for.
Anyone familiar with the operations and consequences of actions of ‘The Federal Reserve’ or ‘European Central Bank’ will
shudder with horror just thinking about them. The Banksters with their ‘financial instruments’ have carried out programs of
ECONOMIC WRECKING and appropriated most of the real value produced by workers, for centuries. V-coin is not just a new
digital currency. It as a whole new model for the provision of the SERVICE we call ‘money’. It is a superior alternative that can
displace the current currencies and political systems without any violence. It remains to be seen what violence the powers that
be will adopt to attempt to crush V-coin. Colonel Ghadafi, President of Libya, provides a case study to give us pause. So be
warned. And vigilant. Rather than naive.
Rather than the cash that flows into speculative digital currencies like Bit-Coin ending up in the pockets of a few speculators, it
will be immediately invested in positive value producing enterprises, such as a K to Ph.D Vegan School and University. Perhaps
initially ‘employing’ a lot of volunteer, retired, teachers and lecturers. Many people with pensions and investments are looking
for the PURPOSEFUL ACTION necessary to feeling contentment and happiness. Untold Billions are being donated to negative
value producing charities and enterprises which would flow, I believe, to us, if people were truly educated and enlightened.
We need to explain our mission to those famous celebrities who could use their fame and influence positively. And to those
wealthy individuals who are seeking to do something truly positive with it.
Depending on the legal basis upon which we constitute the enterprise, we will have different opportunities. Perhaps we shall
constitute several cooperating legal entities to ensure we benefit from, rather than are hindered by, the conventional legal
systems and institutions we have to live with, until we can establish a geographical territory for our Vegan Republic. If a Church
can sell its breakfast cereals tax free, then a Vegan Church will be able to sell Vegan products tax free, and enjoy a competitive
advantage. If we can attract volunteers then we can expand faster. More and more people are realising that PURPOSEFUL
ACTION is the basis of happiness and contentment, and that the typical ‘career paths’ did not provide this for their parents,
siblings, and friends, or have found this from personal experience, and are seeking to be part of some POSITIVE PURPOSE.
Something bigger than themselves that they can give themselves to, and become part of.
V-coin, along with a not-for-profit Vegan Holding Company investing in Vegan companies to ensure Vegan products are
accessible to as many people as possible, in terms of price and quality and variety, and Vegan Church activities, will form the
core foundation of a Vegan Republic, that can emerge first alongside existing nations, and then take its place as the model
nation, once we have the resources to establish a real sovereign Vegan Nation, on land and-or on sea.
Further, V-coin will be produced as a model of money as a generative, productive, constructive, value adding, service. Any
nation will be free to replicate our model to suit their needs. Any charity or not-for-financial profit-organisation will be free to
emulate our model. Currently ‘occupied’ nations will be able to throw off their occupation governments and reinstate their
constitutional republics, once they have thrown off the yoke of the predatory, parasitical, money systems they have been
enslaved by, and occupied through.
If this pitch captured your attention, I now offer a detailed description and explanation of what money is and how it works, and
how it can work against or for you, in order to more fully explain the principles of money, and superiority of V-coin, and in fact
the VEGAN REPUBLIC, over all existing forms of social organisation, not just financial services.
Money
You can barter for goods and services, and literally exchange them at the end of the negotiation.
This is easy if both parties to the exchange have items which the other party considers of equal value to them.
Or when the items can be easily divided, to ensure what is traded is, in the traders reckoning, of equal value.
For example you could easily use any fluid, or powder, that can be easily divided into ‘measures’ using agreed upon weights
and containers to determine weight and volume.
So you might first trade your pig for a quantity of SALT, flour, or oil that can then be used as just described, to buy smaller items
from a number of different traders, rather than having to resort to cutting up the pig, and hoping everyone is willing to trade for
pig.
They will probably value them personally according to how much work, effort, risk, and sacrifice went into getting them.
Time and risk and effort and sacrifice. These are the inputs of the hunter gatherer, the farmer, the tradesperson, the artisan, the
artist, the doctor, and the sex worker.
Of course there are instances where the seller has the best bargaining position, because the buyer is in desperate need of
what they have. It is always a question of how much the seller would prefer to keep the items, and how desperate the buyer is
to have them. This is the supply and demand we all hear about.
If there is just one supplier that the buyer has access to, the seller has all the power to negotiate the highest price. For example
in wartime black markets you could trade a meal for gold or jewels, because the owner of the jewels and gold needs food so
desperately, and so few people are willing to barter for it, because they themselves are reluctant to part with the same food.
Remember this when someone tells you that gold and silver are the best ‘stores of value’, while another is selling your rights to
food produced on the permaculture farm their investment will be used to set up and run.
Where the inputs are personal time, effort, risk, and sacrifice, the individual can decide how much of each to input, and the
price they demand can reflect their ACTUAL effort, risk, time, and sacrifice. Some people are lucky and gain WINDFALLS, such
as finding gold, or nuts and berries and fruit, by pure good luck, without much WORK. Here is the point. The WORK that most
people expect is needed to expend in the bringing of some good or service to market, provides a rough estimate for beginning
negotiations. If you stumble across a mango tree loaded with fruit, when normallly people need to spend hours searching for,
then gathering and collecting, the same amount of mangos you, by luck, collected in a few minutes, then the price they will be
willing to pay will reflect the more typical hours of labor, effort, sacrifice, and risk, rather than the few minutes it took you. You
have accumulated WINDFALL PROFITS. The WINDFALL is the difference between your ACTUAL effort, sacrifice, time, and
risk, and what is typically required to bring the same products to market.
If this guide was about all the scams associated with money and finance, I could explain them all as simply, but we can save
that for another time.
I will get straight to WORK. Even blockchain BITCOINS are accepted as PROOF OF WORK. In this case the WORK refers to
the processing of files and exchange of files between PEERS on the blockchain. The WORK itself is done by computers. But in
theory the owner of the computers had to WORK to pay for the cost of buying the computers and graphics cards and other
hardware, then supplying the computers with electricity, and cooling systems which require the purchase of electricity. If that
money was earned fairly, it has now been INVESTED in PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL, from the point of view of those who WOULD
benefit if BITCOIN were NOT merely a new speculative, financial instrument, but was in fact used to offer the SERVICE that the
blockchain, and bitcoin, have the potential to provide. Such as reducing tax collection, financial transaction, and record
keeping, costs. The real cost of these would be the number and type of transactions on any blockchain, divided by the cost of
processing it and ‘closing’ it. The bitcoin is ‘created’ when a blockchain is closed. The cost of processing all the transactions
within that discrete block chain, in terms of computers and electricity, is now fixed. As the bitcoin system expands, each new
blockchain must include all previous blockchains, and so the amount of WORK required to process each new transaction
increases, in terms of computing power and electricity, and so while the first ‘closed’ blockchain might have taken little time and
cost, the last one will be extraordinarily ‘expensive’. And then the number of bitcoin will have reached its maximum. No more
bitcoin can be produced within that system. And so I wonder what happens to the system? There is no longer any incentive for
people to work ‘for free’ simply to own the next bitcoin, and sell it. How are new transactions added to the system? In other
words, how can the system provide the service it was theoretically designed to offer?
Back to WORK. A product or service is PROOF OF WORK. In some cultures huge stone wheels were carved out. It was clear
how much work it would take to create another one. So you had your original PROOF OF WORK. As long as people accepted
stone wheels as currency, you could be sure of the work that went into their production. To produce new wheels it would take
the same amount of work. But what is some clever person invented a way to produce wheels really fast, without much work? I
won’t go into that here, but it gets to the heart of the modern banking system.
So any good or service brought to market is IT’S OWN PROOF OF WORK. Unless they inherited that money without having to
do any WORK themselves. Or found some clever scheme to CREATE MONEY OUT OF NOTHING. Or to STEAL the goods or
services. Or trick people into handing them over. Or EXTORTING people to obtain them, which is what TAXATION effectively
is. These are all examples of UNEARNED CAPITAL. This is the Capital that makes most people envious, jealous, and angry.
Because the owner did not have to invest their time, or make any effort, sacrifice, or take any risks, to attain it.
Promissory notes promise that a good or service will be provided in future, rather than immediately. This is the sort of PAPER
MONEY most people think of when talking about money. Which brings us to an important point.
STORE OF VALUE. When a TREASURY issues promissory notes, backed by the treasure claimed to be in the treasury, with
its high security protection, you can assume the treasure will be safely stored, and will be there in years to come, if you choose
to wait that long to REDEEM the promise, and CASH IN the promissory note, for gold, silver, and so on. The promise is only as
good as the honesty and security of the treasurer and treasury.
Today we think of Kings or governments with treasuries, issuing currency. Originally backed by the treasure they claimed to
hold in their vaults. Originally gold and silver. But in the beginning it was the Goldsmith who had the safest, most secure,
facilities to store gold and silver. Because they needed to keep gold and silver on site, for use in their work. They built SAFES.
If you intended traveling a long distance, through lands full of thieves and bandits, it was safer and easier to deposit your gold
with a Goldsmith, then have them write out a document stating you had done this, and PROMISING to return that gold upon
presentation of this PROMISSORY NOTE. You paid them a fee for this service. For that is what such MONEY really is. A
SERVICE.
The Goldsmith might promise not to touch that gold till someone offered up the promissory note. But it could be very profitable
to LEND that gold out to someone, while YOU were on your journey. It might take YEARS for that promissory note to be
presented. So there was little risk of someone presenting it for some time. In the mean time you could LOAN OUT that gold AT
INTEREST. So the goldsmith soon found it more profitable to be a gold lender, than to bother producing gold and silver
decorations.
The promissory notes would never suffer inflation, because gold and silver were so rare, an increase in their supply above the
growth in the population and production was unlikely. The only risk was that the Goldsmith did not keep enough gold in
RESERVE (did not lend it out for interest) to cover the promissory notes likely to be presented at any given moment. As long as
people TRUSTED the Goldsmith, they would be happy to keep the promissory notes, rather than REDEEM them for the actual
gold they REPRESENTED. So the Goldsmith, now BANKER, was pretty safe. But if people lost FAITH in the Goldsmith, and
decided they would rather have the gold, and take the risk of protecting it upon themselves, and they all, at the same time,
demanded the gold promised, the Goldsmith would be exposed as a BANKER, to an angry mob of promissory note holders.
This is what is called a RUN ON THE BANK. Even today banks have closed their doors because they did not have enough
RESERVES even of simple paper fiat currency to allow their clients to REDEEM the electronic ledger balances in their bank
accounts in the form of fiat currency, let alone gold or silver.
FIAT CURRENCY which is simply currency that is NOT backed by any real asset or commodity, and the promise of that issuing
authority to REDEEM that piece of paper FOR the value of gold or silver stated on the paper money, such as ‘20 pounds
sterling’, in the case of a ‘twenty pound note’. Fiat currency is not backed by anything, other than military force, and the real
value of goods and services that may be bought with that currency. Many people are willing to exchange their time, effort,
sacrifice, risk, and property, for the currency, while others are FORCED to accept fiat currency for real commodities such as oil.
Fail to submit to such force and lethal force will be used, as in the case of the Libyan leader, Colonel Ghadafi, whose
government was blackmailed and coerced into assuming responsibilty for The Lockerbie Air Disaster, and later murdered in
cold blood, on camera, to reinstate U.S dollar Hegemony in Africa.
But note that, for example, in Sweden you cannot use their FIAT CURRENCY to pay for many goods and services, or even to
catch a government bus. It is NOT a promise of goods and services. I wonder if you can even pay your TAXES with it. No-one
is COMPELLED by THE STATE to accept it in return for goods and services. Think about this.
Kings and national governments issue fiat currency and then FORCE people to use it. It is defined as the ‘LEGAL TENDER’ for
some geographic region. Everyone is COMPELLED to use it in transactions. Barter is criminalised. All good and service
providers must ACCEPT the currency in exchange for their goods and services. Buyers may not pay for goods and services in
any other way. The AUTHORITIES will arrest and fine and imprison anyone who violates this LAW. In the case of Libyan oil
sales, the punishment was death.
People are FORCED to CHARGE and to PAY ‘SALES TAX’ on every transaction. To record every transaction in a ledger, then
collect the SALES TAX for the AUTHORITIES, at the point of sale or transaction.
The REAL VALUE of any fiat currency is the value of all goods and services produced, divided by the nominal value of all the
fiat currency in circulation in the geographical area that the King or Government control.
So if GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, the value of goods and services produced, falls, you get INFLATION. There is now more
currency than things to buy with it. If GDP stays the same, but the government issues more fiat currency, you get inflation.
Because again there is more currency chasing the same goods and services.
Reflexively, and here we come to the real attraction of fiat currencies for Governments, if the government increase the money
supply, without making real investments that will increase GDP, it will produce inflation. There is no difference, for all intents and
purposes, between increasing taxes and increasing the money supply. Printing more money, or ‘creating’ money electronically,
by ‘lending’ it to Banks and spending it electronically, all other things being equal, is an increase in tax that the public never get
to vote against, as it is carried out by organisations no-one gets to vote in OR out, of office. They define themselves as
‘independent’ but this is a weasel-word or ‘sleight of mouth’ for ‘free to do as they please’. They claim to operate free from
political interest in the interests of the public. But they are in fact PRIVATE BANKS THAT EXIST FOR THE PROFIT OF THEIR
SHAREHOLDERS. They are agents of ECONOMIC WRECKING. Their role is to bankrupt nations, making them debt slaves to
the World Bank and IMF, the de-facto One World Government that acts as Proxies for The New World Order elites.
Tax is at the heart of fiat currency. A British King once ‘sold’ carved sticks that could be used to PAY TAXES. All nobles were
forced by the King to pay taxes. So they had to ‘buy’ these relatively worthless sticks from the treasury. If they failed to pay their
taxes they were imprisoned, and their lands and possessions would be confiscated by the King. The same thing happens
today, if you fail to pay your taxes. And the Government ONLY ACCEPT FIAT CURRENCY FOR THE PAYMENT OF TAXES.
Ideally the treasury pass the money onto the government’s advisors who then ensure the money paid for the sticks is
INVESTED in ways that INCREASE THE GDP OF THE NATION OR KINGDOM. Of course some government workers must be
paid, especially the thugs who enforce the laws, to make good on the King’s or Governments threats of ‘PAY YOUR TAXES OR
ELSE’. They represent the ‘All Else’ in this threat. The TEETH of THE LAW. But the rest would ideally be spent on productive
investments that generated more value than they cost, and ultimately increased the GDP of the nation by a value greater than
the tax itself. So that in effect they were forcing the nobles to INVEST in their nation.
Security of borders prevents thefts and raids and murder. LAW AND ORDER is always the promise of Kings and Governments.
It is not in itself productive of value, but it protects value, and makes people confident to work hard, save, and invest
themselves. Education increases GDP in the long run, by producing skills and services that add value, and generate value.
Health care keeps people strong and healthy and productive.
And then there is the possibility of lending money to farmers, and artisans, and craftspeople, and tradespeople, so they can
grow their businesses, produce more food more efficiently, and produce new goods and services, all increasing GDP.
As long as you truly DO INVEST the money you extorted by force and threats, you are offering a real service, and are a
BLESSING unto your people. Even though they do not WANT to pay taxes, they have to admit all the good things being done
with them, and will begrudgingly submit to even todays massive taxation. Not that they have a choice, mind you. The IRS of
America, that enforces tax codes on Americans, is a large army in its own right, possessing more ‘fire power’ than many
nations. With the legal right to KILL, to enforce the tax code, and coerce payment of taxes, even those UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
And police will enforce fines levied by unconstitutional non government organisations, at the point of guns, and much more
serious weapons, where needed.
Notes for next publication dealing with the Electrical nature of
TROONATNOOR, and how Electromagnetic Radiation might
produce the diseases of the modern, electrified, world
Using the language of the official narrative, all phenomena we experience are electrical in nature, namely produced by the
movement of charges, via charge carriers we define as electrons, and protons, arranged in patterns or coherent structures we
define as atoms and molecules and ions. If we manage to move beyond the human perception which RENDERS the
associated outcomes as light, sound, heat, etc, we can even do away with charge carriers as such, and think in terms of simply
charges themselves. However thinking up from ignorance, and needing to communicate conclusions and narratives as we
develop them, leads us to initially need to talk and think in human terms. And then abandon such notions as light, heat, sound,
and charge carriers, as mere ARTEFACTS of human perception. Artefacts of how our minds RENDER such phenomena.
Which can more objectively be seen as charges interacting, and producing ‘skins’ of repulsion of other like charges, and bonds
of like charges. This is what an ‘object’ really is. The play of charges. Producing temporary, though in human terms relatively
stable, bonds and skins I.e temporal objects and in the case of living things, subjects, which are always at the mercy of
opposite charges DISRUPTING their relative balance of charges, and bringing about CHANGE in them and their environment
of other apparent objects. It is the quantity and arrangement – pattern – coherent structuring – crystalisation and oxidation, of
groups of arranged charges, that produce all the different phenomena, the plurality of things and experiences, and sensations
(as rendered by our minds), from the basic PRIMERTY of CHARGES. Reflexively opposite charges we conveniently name
positive and negative. Due to the way they interact to attract or repel each other. Producing temporal bonds, a balance of
charges, and then destroying such bonds, in the DANCE of charges, which the character SHIVA as Lord of creation and
destruction artistically represents.
Consider how anoxia, a lack of oxygen, is the ultimate ‘Cause of Death’ of every animal. Why do we breathe? What is
‘Respiration’ a.k.a Oxidation a.k.a Glycolysis a.k.a combustion a.k.a metabolism? If we cannot breathe, we panic. It is a terrible
feeling. We gasp for air. Breathing cannot be separated from life itself, for all animals. It is synonymous. Like having a pulse.
But what REALLY is it? We know we need ‘air’. We cannot imagine being deprived of it without feeling extremely
uncomfortable. I was born blue. Lack of oxygen.
Healthy cells need oxygen. But cancer cells do not. Reduce oxygen levels in the blood and tissues and cells and muscles, and
cancer cells rapidly reproduce, as the healthy cells die. Tumours are the result. Anything that can disrupt or prevent or reduce
the supply of oxygen to cells, at any point in the supply chain, from atmosphere, to breathing, to blood accepting oxygen, to
blood circulating it around the body, to cells being able to absorb it from the blood, will accelerate the reproduction, growth, and
spread, of any existing cancer cells, around the body. And this is just ONE of the conditions oxygen deprivation is connected
with. So we had better understand what RESPIRATION really is. Consider the Official Narratives concerning it.
Then look at alternative narratives. And see if we can at least agree that the current directions in research, and in the
development of the narratives themselves, have proven unproductive. And that it is time to take the alternative narratives
seriously, and commit resources to researching the more productive theories about what is responsible for the massive
increase in cancer, heart disease, diabetes etc, and how we might go about preventing such diseases. Including investigating
the existing data concerning the impacts of electricity and electromagnetic radiation, and committing resources to honest, open,
NEW research that builds upon, and extends, the existing body of evidence and data which has been suppressed and
censored. While carrying out new lines of potentially enlightening research that can bring us further in our quest for health and
vitality. Rather than ‘doing the same thing and expecting a different result’ which some say is a good definition of madness.
Electrical circuits are designed to ‘motivate’ charges (electrons are the charge characters, posited as particles, in The Official
Electricity Narrative) to do ‘work’ for us. To generate light, sound, and so on. The charges seek the ‘comfort’ of ‘Mother Earth’.
They are naturally attracted to ‘ground’. They seek the shortest route to ‘earth’. Designers of electrical circuits have to ensure
the shortest route passes through the electronic components designed to generate light, sound, etc. To repel or attract a
magnet in a speaker. Or resonate a gas to produce light. Or agitate-disturb a heating element to produce heat.
I must stop here and clarify something of key importance. Light, sound, and heat only exist in our minds. They are the
impressions our mind RENDERS when vibrations – resonances – oscillations – changes in electrical charges stimulate nerve
endings tuned into particular bandwidths of the electromagnetic spectrum.
It is key to approaching any attempt to understand TROONATNOOR to stop seeing things in the usual human way. To talk and
think about things at a level of composition BEFORE such RENDERING takes place. The level at which there is NO heat, light,
sound, etc. But merely charges, made more easily comphrensible to the human mind via the convenient fiction of ‘charge
carriers’ a.k.a ‘particles’ a.k.a ‘electrons’.
In order to think with words we need language. We write narratives with characters, to tell a story. To explain things. To gain the
comforting FEELING that we understand the world around us. This gives us a sense of CONTROL. Challenging these
narratives threatens that most important of all human needs for comfort and control. A sense of security. Often this requires we
use VAGUE language. As any attempt at PRECISION IN LANGUAGE soon exposes holes and gaps and contradictions and so
on in The Official Narrative. The source of our comfort. Our sense of security. Even our sense of superiority over the other
sentient beings we share this plane-et with. We set up, then look to, our AUTHORITIES to act and speak with massively more
confidence and certainty than any real understanding could really allow. To act and speak as if they ‘know’ things they could not
possibly know. To ASSERT things they have no real EVIDENCE for. Not even any authentically COMPELLING ARGUMENTS
for. In fact most Official Narratives make no real sense, are internally contradictory, and fail to PROVE what they CLAIM, and
confidently ASSERT, to KNOW. To understand. To comprehend.
But it is enough that they achieve desired outcomes with their Narratives. Things need to be done. We need to place
confidence in ‘experts’ that they can safely deliver on their promises. WE WANT TO BELIEVE. To believe they ‘know’ the things
they claim to know. To justify placing our trust in them. In outsourcing our responsibility. And in investing in their enterprises in
the hope of gaining the promised rewards. The outcomes. In the end their SUCCESS is what matters. Do they deliver what
they promised? Do they get the bridges built. The lights working. The food delivered.
The formulas allow us to predict things. Up to a point. They are good ‘rules of thumb’ for practical purposes. Often they achieve
‘success’ DESPITE errors and misunderstandings. And for most people that is good enough.
Setting yourself up as an AUTHORITY brings great rewards in terms of status, prestige, respect, wealth, power, privilege, and
other material and emotional benefits. People are loathe to admit they are wrong, or simply do NOT ‘know’ what they claim to
know. Do not have any EVIDENCE for what they claim. They will even FALSIFY evidence and lie and deceive others, to
maintain the benefits or hoped for benefits of being accepted as an AUTHORITY. They will use their power to ensure that
people are not allowed to become aware of are the much SUPERIOR narratives that offer SUPERIOR outcomes to the current
ones. Either the same outcomes with LOWER COSTS. Or better outcomes.
Every OFFICIAL NARRATIVE is associated with some form of CULT. The Cult elite’s power and privileges is based upon their
OFFICIAL NARRATIVE being accepted as ‘knowledge’ and ‘fact’. Cult’s often emerge from some Official Narrative. Or they rewrite some existing Official Narrative to suit THEIR purposes, in THEIR interests. Or individuals and groups write their own
Official Narratives, and use these to set up a new Cult.
A Cult is simply defined in relation to some DOGMA. Some Dogmatic ASSERTIONS. Statements proclaimed to be FACTS.
Which are defined by them, and enforced by them when they gain the POWER, to be UNQUESTIONABLE. Beyond question.
Above challenge. Beyond question. Infallible. Obvious. ASSERTED without any real evidence or even compelling argument, to
simply be SCIENTIFICALLY ESTABLISHED BEYOND DOUBT. Which is ANTI-SCIENTIFIC by definition. Because the scientific
method is supposed to be about QUESTIONING EVERYTHING. Actively and strenuously seeking to DISPROVE your
hypothesis. Rather than seeking to PROVE it. There can be no real proof as such. But the more times experiments and
evidence and compelling arguments FAIL to DISPROVE a thesis – hypothesis, the more confidence we can have that we
MIGHT be on the right track. And where necessary decisions MUST be made, we can feel justified in basing them on such
hypotheses. In the absence of any way to KNOW anything with certainty, we can only work from the RESULTS of our decisions
and actions. While actively and strenuously seeking to find ALTERNATIVE narratives that might be superior. And being willing
and able to ABANDON all or part of any Official Narrative when the evidence and compelling argument suggests this would be
appropriate and sensible.
We must NEVER become EMOTIONALLY INVESTED in any dogma. And we can never allow our own, or other’s, material or
expected benefits – privileges – wealth – status – power – sense of entitlement, to interfere with our judgments of what is
compelling. We cannot allow anyone to ABUSE POWER to maintain an Official Narrative, a DOGMA, at the expense of others.
Or to prevent us becoming aware OF such costs – expenses. Or of censoring ALTERNATIVE NARRATIVES.
We must ENTERTAIN all existing, even contradictory, narratives. We must act on those that appear MOST compelling. While
keeping an open mind, and constantly, actively, strenuously, SEARCHING FOR ALTERNATIVE NARRATIVES. Alternative
explanations or possible ways of INTERPRETING our experiences.
We must be constantly VIGILANT against petty prejudices, envy, jealousies, self-interests, and any other EMOTION or
MOTIVATION that might prevent us being COMPLETELY AND RUTHLESSLY HONEST WITH OURSELVES AND OTHERS,
when it comes to Official Narratives, and the alternatives which have not achieved that same status. Which have often been
DENIED to us, via CENSORSHIP and the PUNISHMENT, or withholding of benefits (opportunity costs), of those offering
ALTERNATIVE NARRATIVES.
It is much easier to ‘sell’ a Narrative if you are allowed to use language that is imprecise. If you are allowed to invent characters
for your narrative. To claim you have ‘discovered some theoretical particle or force’. You can even INTERPRET something and
CLAIM, simply ASSERT, that this is EVIDENCE. Even the actual alleged ‘particle’ you ‘theoretically discovered’ or ‘predicted’
SHOULD be found. Even if other people have ADOPTED the exact same ‘particle’ for very DIFFERENT narratives. Even
competing and contradictory narratives. The case of alleged ‘viruses’ is perfect. I have detailed that massive FRAUD
perpetrated upon the world called The Official Virus Narrative in my last book.
The framework, method, approach, and way of thinking, that I present in my TROONATNOOR publications, will not be
attractive to most people. Few people are willing to impose such discipline upon themselves. To sacrifice the comfort of their
favorite Official Narratives. Or to sacrifice any perceived benefits associated with such Official Narratives. Let alone lose their
job, ruin their career prospects, lose friends and family, lifestyles, income, status, prestige, the respect, approval, and
acceptance of their peers, let alone their freedom, even their lives.
Few people consider how much ENERGY is literally ‘bound’ (‘to bind’ being the original meaning of ‘religion’) up in Official
Narratives. Like the energy bound in the nucleus of an atom, in that official narrative. Nietzsche hoped that releasing this
energy, proclaiming ‘God is dead’, would free it for constructive, generative, purposes. In fact to propel the evolution of
humanity. To build a bridge to ‘The New Man’. In terms of research funding for the REAL epidemic diseases of the modern era,
like cancer and heart disease and diabetes, imagine the untold BILLIONS of dollars in resources that could be released and
invested in research that could actually find CURES and PREVENTATIVE measures.
The same goes for new forms of energy. Which brings us to what I thought I would have to leave as an unanswerable question.
‘What is energy’. At the heart of everything is this FORCE FOR CHANGE. Which is also a FORCE FOR STABILITY. The two
forces which produce ALL of the EXPERIENCES we call LIFE.
STABILITY allows for what we call OBJECTS. While CHANGE allows for all the impressions we call EXPERIENCES. Objects
and Subjects. And the experience OF them and THROUGH them. Our SELVES. And our IMPRESSIONS.
Ultimately the ONLY thing we can rightly claim to KNOW are our own pleasure, pain, and relief. FEELINGS. SUBJECTIVE
feelings.
I have to try to get to the point quickly, while it is still clear in my mind, so I will rush ahead a bit, and hope you will consult the
other TROONATNOOR publications to fill in the gap between the last sentence and this next.
Energy refers to ELECTRICAL CHARGES. Our MINDS require some charge CARRIER, so a human mind ‘discovered’ the
‘theoretical particles’ a.k.a characters, of this official narrative. Meaning the narrative REQUIRED such characters to exist, to
make sense. To SELL the narrative. To make it comprehensible to other human minds. So that they could FEEL confident they
KNEW and UNDERSTOOD the narrative.
Enter the ‘El ectr ON’. Lord of the sun. I assume it means something like Little Lord of the Sun. Little sun god. Something like
that. The ‘charge carrier’. The Electron is a NEGATIVE charge. It allows ‘Atoms’ to be STABLE. To exist long enough relative to
human time, to appear to EXIST as a SOLID OBJECT. Of course only perceivable EN MASSE, when a very large number of
‘Atoms’ combine and integrate into a gas, liquid, solid, or plasma, for some duration which in human perception counts as
‘stable’ and thus ‘real’. Basically all the ‘objects’ and ‘things’ that fill our ‘reality’. In reality all such ‘stable objects’ are in a state
of flux. Of change. Transitioning between states. Expanding or contracting. Adding to themselves or losing part of themselves.
Oxidizing, for example. RESPIRATION (metabolism, oxidation, combustion, glycolysis, fermentation) is key to life. Before green
plants filled the earth’s atmosphere with oxygen things were different. Some living things like yeast and simple bacteria, and
CANCER CELLS, do NOT require Oxygen to ‘live’. We will get back to this. But today most living things do require Oxygen.
BUT WHY? Answering this question is key to the entire (sadly underground) debate about the health impacts of Electrification,
and Electromagnetic radiation, such as used by AM and FM radio (radio waves), computers, mobile phones, smart devices,
smart meters, radar, submarine communications, and satellite technologies.
Oxygen just happens to have an ‘Atomic’ structure that makes it very ‘attractive’ to electrons. It even finds itself attractive.
Binding with itself to form Oxide. But it prefers to ‘mate’ with any electron that passes by.
As above, so below. At every level life is about attraction and repulsion. What we love and hate. What we want and what we
want to avoid. Opposites usually attract. That is sexual reproduction. That is also the basis of life on the atomic level. The
electric universe is powered by the attraction of opposite ‘charges’. With atoms ‘stealing’ electrons from each other. And
‘grabbing’ random electrons that happen to pass within the vicinity.
Well the feeling is mutual. Electrons are like people, seeking the comfort and stability, even if just temporary, of the welcoming
arms (electron shells, of attractive atoms) of other people.
I have so much to say, it is hard to contain it long enough, and focus upon it, to express it. So I will jump around a bit, relative to
the ideal presentation I would make if I could. Perhaps the presentation I will finally impress upon this text when I come to
editing and re-writing it. All writing is, after all, re-writing. But the priority is to present some ideas for the very few open to them,
and willing, and thus strenuously and actively seeking, to comprehend them, as poorly presented as they may be. As a
business proposition it is suicide, but I am a philosopher, and my enterprise is the quest for understanding, not fame,
acceptance, approval, wealth, status, privilege, etc.
We DESIGN electrical circuits deliberately with foresight and understanding of how electrical charges desire to ‘go to ground’
as quickly as possible, and take the shortest route. So we ensure the shortest route to earth passes through carefully designed
and positioned electronic components. So that the movement, the ‘energy’ this represents, which is kinetic, and electrical
charge potential, in the rather confusing Official Narrative, does the equivalent of water flowing through a water mill, or air
pushing past a windmill. Pushing and pulling magnets at the back of speaker cones. ‘Heating up’ electrical filaments so they
glow and produce ‘light’. All the ‘work’ we ‘trick’ electrons into doing. We offer them a route to their desired destination. To get
their they must ‘perform’ ‘work’ for us.
Just like YOU want certain things. The masters of this world design the world so that for YOU to get what YOU want, you have
to do what THEY want.
I will jump to this metaphor-simile-analogy-tool. Consider a two-lane freeway connecting the farming countryside with the city.
The truck drivers want money. They are attracted to the city, where the money is. They will drive their trucks to the city. Full of
food from the countryside. But they have to pass a very windy bridge. If the wind is blowing, some of them are blown onto their
sides. Others are even blown off the bridge. Depending on the strength of the wind. So some trucks do not arrive. Maybe some
entire convoys fail to arrive. The people in the city go hungry.
Now replace money with Oxygen. And trucks with electrons. They are attracted by – to the positive charge of the Oxygen
atoms. But Electro-magnetic ‘winds’ blow upon them. So many electrons do not reach their destination. And as a result CELLS
starve. How? Why?
Well by design or lucky accident, what we call enzymes, like Porphyria, design biological CIRCUITS by placing
CARBOHYDRATES, FATTY ACIDS, and AMINO ACIDS in the path between electrons and the Oxygen atoms – molecules they
are so attracted to. In order to reach the ‘desired’, ‘ATTRACTIVE’ objective, the electrons have no ‘choice’ but to pass ‘through’
those molecules. The fats, carbohydrates (sugars), and proteins we eat. They DISRUPT these molecules. Like knives they ‘cut
up’ the molecules. They DISTURB the equilibrium that existed. They BREAK BONDS. Like sexy strangers coming to town and
luring all the otherwise faithful husbands, wives, girlfriends, and boyfriends, into ‘breaking up’ with their partners. The molecules
break up into new elements and compounds, and reform NEW bonds, as the electrons continue on their way after these brief
interactions, towards their desired destination, the Oxygen atoms they find so attractive, which, if you believe in Conspiracy
Theories or INTELLIGENT DESIGN, were placed AFTER the other complex molecules, in order to TRICK the electron into
having to interact with them, to pass through them, and DISRUPT them. For that is what the Official Narrative describes.
Enzymes ‘lining up’ and ‘transporting’ electrons and Oxygen atoms – molecules in just the right order, so that in moving
THROUGH and PAST the Carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids, the electrons DO THE WORK OF BREAKING DOWN
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES, FATTY ACIDS, and AMINO ACIDS into their constituent parts, and recombine into H20 and
C02.
But why? To what end? Or if you believe in coincidence theories, simply with what outcome? Here is the inhuman part of the
discussion. About energy. What it is. Because the ‘energy’ it took to maintain the stable equilibrium of the original complex
molecules is now RELEASED. Like Nietzsche hoped to release all the energy INVESTED in ‘organized religion’ for the
evolution of a rational new man. Like sane informed people wish to release all the energy, the RESOURCES, and literal mental
and physical energies of other humans, currently, WASTEFULLY, being committed to, invested in, research into cures and
preventative measures for cancer, diabetes, heart disease, alleged mental diseases, and so on. Not to mention the waste of
alleged virology research. Or the actual costs of the alleged ‘treatments’ offered by the second largest (after finance) organized
crime racket known as ‘The Medical Profession’.
Let us attempt this inhuman feat. As I beat my brain with my fist, so to speak. And try to express what ‘energy’ refers to. It is the
potential for change AND stability. We are talking about ATTRACTION. A FORCE. The POTENTIAL to attract something. Just
as intelligence is the potential for pattern recognition. Or awareness-consciousness is the POTENTIAL to experience
something. We really should talk of the POTENTIAL FOR AWARENESS OR CONSCIOUSNESS OF SOMETHING. When
‘things’ appear or happen, we are thus capable of becoming aware – conscious OF them. Like Voltage is a POTENTIAL for a
current to flow. Due to DIFFERENCES. Inequality. DIS-equilibrium. Of some sort. The DIFFERENCE between before and now.
And now and later. CHANGE.
It is the CHANGES in things that we really ‘EXPERIENCE’. And also, in contrast, the CONSTANT things. So (for us) the tree is
stable (though it is constantly growing or disintegrating) while the birds move around it. However CHANGE is necessary for
human experience due to HABITUATION. Boredom sets in quickly. And the same stimuli ceases to literally ‘excite’ our senses.
So that if our experience is unchanging for any period of time, it becomes unbearable. Death is the ultimate in stability. But
temporary relief from over stimulation is to be found in the temporary stability of mediation upon a SINGLE impression or idea.
But it is really CHANGE that produces the most interesting and rewarding IMPRESSIONS on our senses. That our nerve
endings become AWARE of. That RESONATE our nerve endings. That particular senses are ‘tuned’ to. That particular senses
share the same prime resonant frequency (bandwidth) as. Like an electrical circuit is ‘tuned’ to a particular resonant frequency
or bandwidth. So that should that frequency appear, the circuit will resonate IN SYMPATHY (empathy) WITH IT. And thus
‘receive’ that ‘transmission’.
Oscillations. Vibrations. Frequently repeating patterns of air pressure variations. Or pressure on our skin. Pitch discrimination
allows us to discriminate between 5 cent changes in the rate of air pressure pulses hitting our ear drums, and thus produce the
potential for pitches, scales, and music.
Look at something long enough, and if it does not change, most people lose interest. People even lose interest in other people.
People who once EXCITED them beyond all measure, now leave them bored and emotionally cold and unaffected. Play one
pitch forever and soon you probably will not ATTEND to it any more. You will not ‘HEAR’ it. Literally. It is the CHANGE IN PITCH
that catches your ATTENTION. A CHANGE IN SHADOW OR LIGHT, or any MOVEMENT is much more INTERESTING and
automatically ATTRACTS your ATTENTION. We have the term ‘Ad Nauseam’ because having to experience the same thing
over and over can literally make you feel nauseous. Sick. Experience engines thrive on CHANGE. VARIATION. Differences.
And the ability to DISCRIMINATE between current and past conditions. This requires MEMORY of the past, for the purposes of
comparison. Forget the previous note-s, and no ‘music’ is even possible. And no MEANING can be assigned anything. There is
no reflexive relationship to construct, if all you experience are unconnected, discrete, impressions. Memory is key to experience
engines. As are sensory apparatus ‘tuned’ to different bandwidths of the electromagnetic spectrum. With specialisation of
different senses for different bandwidths. And most of the frequency spectrum totally ‘invisible’ and ‘silent’ to HUMANS because
we have no ‘biological CIRCUITS’ ‘tuned’ to those bandwidths. To resonate sympathetically WITH them.
But just like some people ‘SEE’ what others ‘HEAR’ (their brains render things other people’s brains render as ‘sound’ as ‘light’),
some people are more sensitive to differences in color grading, and can DISCRIMINATE between many more colors than other
people, and some people are more sensitive to slight changes in PITCH (with the disadvantage that music can sound ‘out of
tune’ and colors can ‘clash’ for some people, while others simply are insensitive to the slight differences and thus saved such
problems), some people can ‘hear’ 100,000Hz electronic ‘noise’ produced by household power supplies, high voltage power
lines, and so on. So you might think your friend is a bit crazy to say that ‘that magenta clashes with that red’, when all YOU can
see is red. Or tells you that scale is ‘out of tune’ when it sounds perfectly in tune to YOU. Or asks you to turn off your mobile
phone, because the ‘ringing in their ears’ it produces disturbs them.
So energy is really electrical charges. ALL energy. Yes even gravity. And the ‘energy’ we ‘get’ from ‘food’. What is it really? This
‘energy’. It is simply that electrons, and ions (atoms where the number of electrons is LESS THAN the number of protons), are
charged by nature. Negative. Not in the perjorative. But merely REFLEXIVELY. In relation to protons and neutrons. Relatively.
Opposites attract. They ‘seek’ union. Balance. Unity of opposites. Like masculine and feminine. So much ancient religious
symbolism portrays this. Emotion and reason (The Minatour being tamed-slayed). Holy marriage. Holy union. To become
WHOLE.
If you want a ‘beginning’, then it all ‘begins’ with some DISTURBANCE of some original (or recurring) balance. ‘In the beginning
was the word (a disturbance of the silence, the introduction of acoustic energy, disturbances in ‘the waters’), and the word was
god, and the word was with god’. God as in the source of creation THIS time around. Moving disequilibrium result, until perhaps
at some point a new equilibrium is found in some part of the system, until some new loud fucker turns up and opens his damn
mouth, and disturbs that equilibrium again! Talking disturbs people. I’m one loud fucker myself. And my intention is CREATIVE
GENERATIVE DISTURBANCE. Like that character in that narrative. God.
We will get to ‘the waters’ later. And sono-phosphorescence. Like the possibility of a flat earth. It is no accident so many ancient
myths share similar narratives, and borrow from each other. Even the bible may contain some real scientific truth. Some clues.
If you know how to ‘read’ it. After centuries of ‘Chinese Whispers’ and deliberate revisions and additions (what is the big word
they use for these?). But for now, consider the fourth state of water, as GEL. A more structured form of water. More ‘coherent’.
Remembering quantity AND ARRANGEMENT, change quality. The ANGLES of chemical bonds (using that official narrative)
change the actual QUALITY of the water itself. See my ‘Electrickery’ notes if you are not aware that electromagnetic fields act
across gaps in a conductor, to push and push electrons ON THE OTHER SIDE of the circuit, without the electrons actually
flowing ACROSS that gap. Combine the phenomena (your understanding of them) and you can see something fairly clearly. IF
you comprehend that there is more empty space than ‘stuff’ in any atom. And that the components of atoms either BIND
together, or repel each other. Dialectric elements ALWAYS repel. But water changes its STRUCTURE to act like electronic
circuit currents across ‘empty space’, so that STRUCTURED WATER (crystalline water gel) will repel electrons and form a
charged ‘skin’ such as forms on the surface of any body of water, or can be seen in water droplets falling from a tap, and
splashing, or see the video on structured water, that allows for the impression of ‘discrete objects’.
What I am referring to is the fact that objects never ‘touch’ as such, unless they actually bind together. I mean the idea of
subject and object, or two objects. They are bound internally, into integrated systems of atoms and molecules and interactions
with electrons, by their electrical charges. And their BOUNDARY is defined also by repellant charges. So that they do not bind
on contact, but maintain a separate existence. We can pick them up, AND PUT THEM DOWN AGAIN. Throw them. Etc. And
CELLS are apparently no different. Just differentiated structured water, with ‘skins’ or ¨membranes’ made up of CHARGED
water molecules so they repel other molecules, and appear to be discrete structures. But it all comes down to CHARGES. And
whether charges attract and bind to each other, or repel each other.
So we have energy from the unequal distribution of electrons and ions, and from opposite charges attracting and like charges
repelling, both integrating atoms into molecules and cells and living animals, and dis-integrating other molecules, often from
plants and animals that were living, and now dead, and having been broken down, and ingested.
What we call energy is always the POTENTIAL FOR CHANGE – TRANSFORMATION and the POTENTIAL FOR
INTEGRATION AND STABILITY. So the potential for objects to come into existence with BOUNDARIES defined by their
electrical charges (see structured water video and notes and add them here later), which both integrate the object, and
separate it from all other objects, from its environment, as an individual, by repelling all other molecules. For as long as the
energy required to attract the molecules away from their current arrangement is not present. But if some attractively charged
electron passes, it can DISRUPT this balance of charges that is currently integrating the atoms and molecules, and either
slowly or explosively, begin the process of DIS-INTEGRATION.
When we eat something this is the aim, in terms of nutrition. To dis-integrate a substance into the molecules and atoms and
even electrons our cells need to produce, repair and reproduce themselves. For a time the charges are balanced, and we exist
as an integrated system. But anything that introduces charges to our system, or places it within an electromagnetic field that
DISTURBS the current balance by INDUCING AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT , a FLOW OF ELECTRONS between any cells in
the body, and within the cells, can set about the process of dis-integration. A healthy organism supplied with all the right
supports can fight off dis-integration for decades. An organism that is not healthy, or which is placed in an extreme situation vis
a vis electromagnetic radiation inducing extreme electrical currents within the body, and interrupting the usual, delicate,
processes, and balances of charges, and controlled flow of electrons, can dis-integrate at some key level, losing some key
bodily function, and immediately cease supplying, or taking up, oxygen to the brain, leading to instant death.
Oh so tired already. And so much left unsaid. Hope I can get back to this and back into it. But now a break.Writing and even
thinking stuff like this is a nightmare. The back aching. The migraine coming on. Eyes blurring. And a long walk to buy the bland
bread and if I am lucky something to have with it, if not then just plain bread, I will eat to curb the hunger pangs. But I am onto
something here I have been seeking to resolve for decades. Yes the dead end streets have been opened up again, and offers
of actual answers to what seemed insoluable questions seem possible. If I can keep a lot of very wide ranging thoughts
together long enough, and find a way to express them in words that communicate what I seem to be grokking.
12AM 6.3.23 try not to think about people, and how they continue to disappoint, and how pointless all work seems, as this is
pure philosophy again, just happens to be relevant to practical health issues etc but really getting to the heart of
TROONATNOOR now…and it IS ELECTRIC
We have become accustomed to thinking about reality in terms of what appear unrelated narratives. The Official Narratives of
chemistry, biology, biological chemistry, Newtonian physics, and so on. However there is a superior Narrative called ‘The
Electric Universe’. Superior in many ways. Such as being compatible with a fractal and holographic reality. In other words the
exact same principles operate at EVERY level, from the atomic nano scale right up to the scale of entire UNIVERSES. With
everything in between being explainable and comprehensible using the same LANGUAGE and narrative. With a very small
cast of characters. None of which need to be invented a.k.a ‘theoretically discovered’.
What does such an utterance even mean? A child would say ‘I made it up’. Honest scientists admit they had to ‘invent’
something because their theory made it ‘necessary for that thing to exist, otherwise the entire narrative falls apart and makes
no sense’. In other words, attempting to shore up holes in a sinking ship. Rather than abandoning the ship for a water-tight one
that will float of its own accord, they attempt to keep a doomed ship afloat, long enough to get to shore, and retain all the
privileges and status and benefits of being CAPTAIN of that ship. Most will ‘go down with the ship’ simply to avoid ‘losing face’
and ‘admitting they were wrong’.
A dead Captain does not have to face any ACCOUNTABILITY from all the people who put their trust in them. The Captain
promised competency and expert authority on all things related to their responsibilities as Captain, and failed. They saw ONLY
the ‘tip of the iceberg’ and failed to see the mass of treacherous lies, deceptions, inventions, obfuscations, vagueness, and
general corruption below the surface. While the passengers marveled at the beautiful ice, and the expert authority and
‘knowledge’ of the Captain, they failed to see the impending danger lurking beneath the surface of ‘The Official Narrative’. They
ignored the cries of other passengers and crews who tried to alert the Captain to the dangers. At great cost to themselves. And
what’s worse, the countless other ships that would sink, because everyone but a few ‘Conspiracy theorists’ were in total
DENIAL. Refusing to listen to alternative narratives. Punishing those seeking to draw their attention to them. Because people
want to feel comfortable and confident and to TRUST their ‘authorities’. To ‘outsource’ their personal responsibility to ‘experts’
and ‘authorities’ and ‘governments’. Even priests. And Scientists. And Doctors. And ‘Specialists’.
Tisdag? sounds like Tyr’s day a.k.a tue’s day … god of compassion and sacrifice akin to Jesus character in other narratives.
Electrical tension, POTENTIAL, dis-equilibrium, im-balance, pressure…can balance out moment have
pathway…instantaneously like lightning…flow through superconductors fastest? … EMF travels through space… absurd notion
of something being a particle and a wave? or is what we render – represent – experience as particles just standing waves? …
which other standing waves collapse… like collapse of a probability set into the resultant – outcome – reality…
Voltage measures a tension or potential for flow … What acts inversely proportional to distance other than EMF? why invent
something new when we have a force that acts as described – experienced already? i.e gravity vs EM attraction … who posited
protons bound together in nucleus with neutrons and why? except to model balance of charges i.e positive neucleus, negative
electrons … reflexive… convenient way to describe elemental table…by atomic weight i.e number of protons in nucleus? But
then so many isotopes (is my language – understanding correct?) simply result of ARRANGEMENT of molecules i.e angles of
alleged connection … quantity changes quality, but so does arrangement i.e angles between, distance between, atoms… atom…what is a tom that this is NOT it?
So, Voltage is a Potential, the difference between charges either side of a conductor, or space keeping them
separated…because they cannot travel toward each other … does excess push blow to deficiency or does deficiency ‘suck’
excess towards it, or mutual attraction? Amperes confusing as keep thinking Amp-litude… assume some connection or is that
error based on mere similarity of words… Amplitude over time … acceleration and deceleration of air pressure front…expansion
and contraction of medium e.g air or water or crystal (piezo electric effect natural transducer of mechanical stress – pressure
into electrical impulses, defined by prime fundamental resonant frequency of crystal i.e regular, repeating…
60Hz cycles in power cables NOT audible…why? too small to produce air pressure spheres? i.e not enough mechanical force
to compress air? though when induced in cable that is then amplified along with intended signal carrying, converted into
mechanical force and result ‘acoustic’ energy and ‘sound’ pressure levels SPL, though really just spherical air pressure pulses…
but if sound radiates in all directions spherical, though if directed and limited by cone, is it like blowing air bubbles under water
or soap bubbles in air? which continue to blow their own ever larger soap bubbles?
120g=440(cents) We want to make g subject so need to divide both sides by 120 so 120g/120=440/120 so g=44/12 … divide
both sides by 4 gives 1.1/3 cents, so roughly 1/3rd of cent per g … so 33g one dollar … and price roughly 3 dollars per 100g or
30 dollars a kg … real life use of changing subject of formulat a.k.a ‘balancing equations’ … real world economics…though today
they post price and price per kg … for comparing value of similar items sold in different quantities or volumes for different
prices…to work out which is best value… most important math skill I can think of after the very basics…used in geometry which
is logic i.e reflexivity which is also philosophy i.e meaning of life
Voltage not a THING in itself…but a RELATION between things … IM-Balance is LIFE experience action movement …
difference between life and death merely BALANCE vs IMBALANCE … produces POTENTIAL for awareness i.e something to
be aware OF… imbalance between wants – desires and what actually have is actual MOTIVATION for living … while
consciousness is OF something, and awareness is OF something, and EXPERIENCE is OF CHANGES IN THINGS, CHANGE
in something … ALL COMES DOWN TO IMBALANCE, DISEQUILIBRIUM, DISTURBANCE OF EQUILIBRIUM OR
BALANCE …
note, speed at which amplitude CHANGES corresponds to, is rendered in 2D graphs, as ANGLE of curve, is possibly how ear
interprets – receives – decodes air pressure variations later rendered as ‘sound’ of different PITCH i.e how ear responds to
changes in what is rendered as pitch and in 2-D graphic representation of amplitude over time also correspond to the artefact
‘wave-length’ i.e distance between peaks in amplitude … which changes according to speed of ‘sound’ in water (shortens as
faster) and air (longer as travel slower in air)… hate to use official narrative obfuscative terms etc but basically a low frequency
pulse of air pressure, repeating in a consistent pattern so as to be DISCRIMINATED – filtered out of the NOISE of unpatterned
pulses (relative to tuning of ear, filters etc, resonant frequency of ‘hearing materials’ etc) … has a very long wave-length, and
thus the graph shows a shallow curve i.e low rate of change of amplitude between peaks, than a high frequency wave-length …
the energy pulses have to develop faster with increase in frequency – rate of pulse … so THIS is perhaps what ear materials
detect…the ‘slope’ or ‘gradient’ or ‘rate of change’ RATE of CHANGE of amplitude…. which encodes ‘frequency’…
CORRESPONDS TO … is an artefect of…is REFLEXIVE OF FREQUENCY… while PEAK amplitude is determined by FORCE –
AIR PRESSURE applied to ear, the RATE at which it is applied is decoded as CHANGE IN PITCH…. WOW, LITERALLY,
PITCH, AS IN PITCH AND YAW, WOW.. PITCH OF WAVEFORM IN 2 D GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION ENCODED AS
PITCH … WE USE THE SAME WORD… MAYBE I HAVE MISSED SOMETHING AND THIS IS KNOWN BY MOST OTHERS,
BUT FOR ME IT IS AN INSIGHT…AND A BIT WONDROUS…so the PITCH or ANGLE of the waveform is easily encoded to
determine the FREQUENCY i.e PITCH of the orginal sound source … ABILITY TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN PITCHES IS
KEY TO HEARING…5% change with mammalian ear commonly distinguishable, ear can discriminate and note this CHANGE
as a NEW pitch, higher or lower… mathematically same order – pattern in upper harmonics … pitches change proportionally to
change in frequency…so if reptilian residual ‘ear’ that functioned in water resonates with way higher frequencies, the brain might
decode them based on the ‘pitch’ of their ‘wave forms’ i.e CHANGE in amplitude i.e..or is it RATE OF CHANGE? to be more
precise?
NOTES
MHR Voltage is electrical TENSION or POTENTIAL flow of current … weak or strong … the water pressure analogy seems
more and more apt as it is electrical pressure in same way we have air and water pressure … more precisely CHARGE
pressure … using official atomic narrative and character called ‘electrons’ … even just to be able to talk about these things with
some framework, tho be careful not to forget it is a narrative – model – paradigm NOT proven … just useful … like a Mnemonic
device that lets us think and talk about something we dont yet understand … pretending we do is the trap of all official
narratives … let us assume SOMEONE ELSE understands these things and we can take their word as AUTHORITIES…and get
back to getting paid and laid, fed, etc… but tension and potential and pressure all interact with quanta – amount of thingsvolume of aether carrying the charges, which we speak of as ‘electrons’, negative charged particles, to determine their speed …
I guess… if pressure-tension is high enough, can pull a huge number – volume of charge carriers, and the greater it is, the
larger each unit of charge, and total volume per second pulled – transmitted, can be…
MHR NOTE YOU CAN TRANSFER ENERGY IN LARGE (HIGH AMPLITUDE) PACKETS (FEWER VOLTS) IN FEW STEPS
OR SMALL (LOW AMPLITUDE) PACKETS (MORE VOLTS) IN MANY STEPS AT A FAST RATE TO DELIVER THE SAME
QUANTA OF ENERGY. SO VOLTAGE REFERS TO HOW MANY PACKETS OF ENERGY ARE BEING TRANSFERRED,
WHILE AMPERES REFERS TO HOW LARGE THE PACKETS ARE. SO FINAL PRODUCT CAN BE THE SAME, AS LONG AS
AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF PACKETS IS COMPENSATED FOR BY SENDING A LARGER NUMBER. NOW HAVE TO THINK
ABOUT CONCEPT … AS FREQUENCY IS HOW OFTEN A SET OF PACKETS IS SENT … A SET … EACH PULSE … VS
SERIES AND PARALLEL TRANSFER I.E SINGLE LANE VS MULTI-LANE HIGHWAY…AND TO CLARIFY DISTINCTION
BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCY IN RELATION TO ENERGY REQUIRED AND DISTANCE TRAVELLED BETWEEN
PEAKS – COMPRESSION MAXIMA … QUESTION OF ELECTRICITY EXPERIENCING SAME OR ACTUALLY FLOW, ASA
SOME PRESENT IT – TALK ABOUT IT … EVEN QUESTION OF CURRENT RETURNING TO POWER GRID ??? P = A X V .
I once talked about volts in terms of speed, how fast. Have to try to converge pulse rate with this. So voltage would not be
speed as this confuses with speed of repetition of pulse i.e frequency … instead think of Voltage as how many packets of
Amperes are sent PER pulse … the above example and language was helpful – clearer … BUT ¨rapidly, in small steps’
confusing too…reference to more pulses of energy, or somehow sending a larger amount of smaller parcels of energy per
pulse…?????
MHR CONSIDER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPEED OF PULSE RATE I.E HOW OFTEN PULSE SENT OUT, AND SPEED AT
WHICH EACH PULSE TRAVELS…????? BUT WE TALK OF ‘SPEED OF SOUND’ ETC I.E AS IF ONE SPEED FOR ALL
PULSES, AND ‘SPEED OF LIGHT’ I.E PER MEDIUM … VOLTAGE IS ‘ELECTRICAL’ TENSION OR POTENTIAL … CLEARLY
WE SEND HIGH VOLTAGE, LOW AMPERAGE CURRENT LONG DISTANCES … DO WE THOUGH? I.E ‘ELECTRICAL
FLUID’ SEND DOWN COPPER WIRE? OR PULSES OF ENERGY? OR ‘SEE-SAWING’ ‘ROPES’ OF ELECTRONS … DID I
MISS SOMETHING OR ARE THERE BIG UNEXPLAINED HOLES IN OFFICIAL NARRATIVE AND DOES ANYONE REALLY
REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT, OR JUST THINK THEY DO, BECAUSE NO-ONE LIKE ME IS
PUSHING THEM HARD ENOUGH TO FORCE THEM TO TRY TO EXPLAIN WHAT THEY THINK THEY KNOW, BUT DON’T
REALLY?
Porphyrins are light-sensitive pigments, In plants, porphyrin binds to magnesium in the pigment called CHLOROPHYL that
makes plants green, and is responsible for photosynthesis. In animals an almost identical molecule bound to iron is the pigment
called HEME, the essential part of hemoglobin that makes blood red, and enables it to carry oxygen. It is also the essential part
of MYOGLOBIN, the protein that makes
muscles red and delivers oxygen from our blood to our muscle cells. Heme is also the central component of cytochrome c and
cytochrome oxidase, enzymes that are contained in every cell of every plant, animal and bacterium, that transport electrons
from nutrients to oxygen so that our cells can extract energy. Heme is the main component of the cytochrome P450 enzymes
in our liver that detoxify environmental chemicals for us by oxidizing them.
Porphyrins are more basic to life than proteins, minerals, vitamins, or hormones, due to their role in metabolism and nerve
function; the transformation of energy, and flow of electrons. Porphyrins are THE molecules responsible for the creation,
maintenance, and recycling of all of the oxygen in our atmosphere: they make possible the release of oxygen from carbon
dioxide by plants, the extraction of oxygen back out of the air by both plants and animals, and the use of that oxygen by living
things to burn carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for energy. The high reactivity of these molecules, which makes them
transformers of energy, and their affinity for heavy metals, also makes them toxic when they accumulate in excess in the body,
as happens in the disease called porphyria.
Our cells manufacture heme from a series of other porphyrins and porphyrin precursors in a series of eight steps, catalyzed by
eight different enzymes. Like workers on an assembly line, each enzyme has to work at the same rate as all the others in order
to keep up with the demand for the final product, heme. A slowdown by any one enzyme creates a bottleneck, and the
porphyrins and precursors that accumulate behind the bottleneck get deposited all over the body, causing disease. Or if the first
enzyme is working harder than the rest, it produces precursors faster than the enzymes down the line can handle, with the
same result. Their accumulation in the skin can
cause mild to disfiguring skin lesions, and mild to severe light sensitivity. Their accumulation in the nervous system causes
neurological illness, and their accumulation in other organs causes corresponding illness. And when excess porphyrins spill into
the urine, it takes on the color of port wine.
Because porphyria is assumed to be so rare, it is almost always misdiagnosed as some other disease. It is fairly called “the
little imitator” because it can affect so many organs and mimic so many other conditions. Since patients usually feel so much
sicker than they look, they are sometimes wrongly thought to have psychiatric disorders and too often wind up on mental
wards. And since most people don’t carefully examine their own urine, they usually fail to notice its reddish hue, particularly
since the color may be evident only during severe disabling attacks.
The enzymes of the heme pathway are among the most sensitive elements of the body to environmental toxins. Porphyria,
therefore, is a response to environmental pollution and was indeed extremely rare in an unpolluted world. Except for one
severe, disfiguring congenital form, of which only a few hundred cases are known in the world, porphyrin enzyme deficiencies
do not normally cause disease at all. Human beings are genetically diverse, and in times past most people with relatively lower
levels of one or more porphyrin enzymes were simply more sensitive to their environment. In an unpolluted world this was a
survival advantage, allowing the possessors of this trait to easily avoid places and things that might do them harm. But in a
world in which toxic chemicals are inescapable, the porphyrin pathway is to some degree always stressed, and only those with
high enough enzyme levels tolerate the pollution well. Sensitivity has become a curse.
Because of the way it was discovered, and the lack of synthetic chemicals in the environment at that time, porphyria became
known as a rare disease that was triggered in genetically susceptible people by certain drugs, such as sulfonal and
barbiturates, which these patients had to avoid. It was not until another century had passed, in the early 1990s, that Dr. William
E. Morton, professor of occupational and environmental medicine at Oregon Health Sciences University, realized that because
ordinary synthetic chemicals were far more widespread in the modern environment than pharmaceuticals, they had to be the
most common triggers of porphyric attacks. Morton proposed that the controversial disease called multiple chemical sensitivity
(MCS) was in most cases identical with one or more forms of porphyria. And when he began testing his MCS patients he found
that, indeed, 90 percent of them were deficient in one or more porphyrin enzymes. He then investigated a number of their
family trees, looking for the same trait, and succeeded in demonstrating a genetic basis for MCS—something no one had
attempted
before because MCS had never before been connected to a testable biological marker.
Morton also found that most people with electrical sensitivity had porphyrin enzyme deficiencies, and that electrical and
chemical sensitivities appeared to be manifestations of the same disease. Porphyria, Morton showed, is not the extremely rare
illness it is currently thought to be, but has to affect at least five to ten percent of the world’s population. Morton was
courageous, because the rare-disease world of por-phyria had come to be dominated by a handful of clinicians who controlled
virtually all research and scholarship in their small, inbred field. They tended to diagnose porphyria only during acute attacks
with severe neurological symptoms and to exclude cases of milder, smoldering illness. They generally would not make the
diagnosis unless porphyrin excretion in urine or stool was at least five to ten times normal. “This makes no sense,” wrote
Morton in 1995, “and would be analogous to restricting the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus to those who have ketoacidosis or
restricting the diagnosis of coronary artery disease to those who have myocardial infarction.”
The higher numbers reported by Morton agree with the numbers reported over a century ago—the proportion of the population
that became ill when they took the sleeping medication sulfonal. They are consistent with the finding, in the 1960s, of “mauve
factor,” a lavender-staining chemical, not only in the urine of patients diagnosed with porphyria, but in the urine of five to ten
percent of the general population. Mauve factor was eventually identified as a breakdown product of porphobilinogen, one of
the porphyrin precursors.
Morton also found, in agreement with recent reports from England, the Netherlands, Germany, and Russia, that persistent
neurological problems occur during the chronic, smoldering phase of every type of porphyria—even those types which were
previously supposed to cause only skin lesions.
Hans Günther, the German doctor who, in 1911, gave porphyria its name, stated that “such individuals are neuropathic and
suffer from insomnia and nervous irritability.”
Morton has brought us back to the original view of porphyria: it is not only a fairly common disease but exists most often in a
chronic form with comparatively mild symptoms. And its principal cause is the synthetic chemicals and electromagnetic fields
that pollute our modern environment.
Porphyrins are central to our story not only because of a disease named porphyria, which affects a few percent of the
population, but because of the part porphyrins play in the modern epidemics of heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, which
affect half the world, and because their very existence is a reminder of the role of electricity in life itself, a role which a few
courageous scientists have slowly elucidated.
Synthetic rubbers and then all the other petro-chemical products resulting from Wartime research and industry, from pantyhose
to carpets, fertilisers, food preservatives, non-stick cookwear etc coatings, perfumes, soaps, and so on, were such an
economic, industrial, and consumer boon, that it was unthinkable, a-la TABOO, to consider their costs, including the medical,
and health problems associated with them. We do not talk of ‘sensitivity’ to bullets or starvation or snake venom. We say these
things are lethal. Because most people will die of them. However when only SOME people die of something, or suffer as a
result of exposure to it, we say their are ‘sensitive’ to it, and more or less blame them, rather than it. This was the case with
exposure to the new petrochemical products, and to the introduction of, and exposure to, new forms of electromagnetic
radiation. It is a powerful sleight of mouth. Of course when the pharmaceutical industry et al have a way to PROFIT from a few
percent of people suffering some side-effect or illness, then they will call it a DISEASE, and massively market it as a potential
armageddon, and ensure almost everyone buys and uses their products, no matter how low the risk of THEM suffering from it,
or benefitting from the drugs or other treatments.
Where The New World Order is not actively planning new genocides with their ‘vaccines’ and ‘booster shots’ and ‘treatments’,
they are passively, cynically, taking the same approach a fatalistic acquaintance of mine takes to all the illness and death
associated with the innovation of new industrial and consumer products, and technologies, such as 5G. Namely, passively sit
by and watch as millions, potentially billions, of people fall victim, and consider the survivors lucky or blessed with a genetic
resistance who shall inherit the earth from the losers in this dice throw. Call it evolution. Survival of those born less sensitive to
electromagnetic radiation, or environmental toxins from industry and consumer products. Step right up, expose yourself, and
wait and see if YOU will be the next victim. And hope YOUR children are born immune. Or be prepared to watch THEM suffer
and die to, assuming YOU survive long enough to experience that.
In 1929 Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered Vitamin C, and during the next few years he worked out most of the steps in cellular
respiration, a system now known as the Krebs cycle. For these two discoveries he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine in 1937. But perhaps his greatest insight is one for which he is least known, although he devoted almost half his life
to the subject. For on March 12, 1941, in a lecture delivered in Budapest, he boldly stood up before his peers and suggested to
them that the discipline of biochemistry was obsolete and should be brought into the twentieth century. Living organisms, he
told them, were not simply bags of water in which molecules floated like tiny billiard balls, forming chemical bonds with other
billiard balls with which they happened to collide. Quantum theory, he said, had made such old ideas invalid; biologists needed
to study solid state physics.
In his own specialty, although he had worked out the structures of the molecules involved in muscular contraction, he could not
begin to fathom why they had those particular structures, nor how the molecules communicated with one another to coordinate
their activities. He saw such unsolved problems everywhere he looked in biology. “One of my difficulties within protein
chemistry,” he bluntly told his colleagues, “was that I could not imagine how such a protein molecule can ‘live.’ Even the most
involved protein structural formula looks ‘stupid,’ if I may say so.”
The phenomena that had forced Szent-Györgyi to face these questions were the porphyrin-based systems of life. He pointed
out that in plants, 2,500 chlorophyll molecules form a single functional unit, and that in dim light at least 1,000 chlorophyll
molecules have to cooperate simultaneously in order to split one molecule of carbon dioxide and create one molecule of
oxygen.
He spoke about the “enzymes of oxidation”—the cytochromes in our cells —and wondered, again, how the prevailing model
could be correct. How could a whole series of large protein molecules be arranged geometrically so that electrons could
wander directly from one to the other in a precise sequence? “Even if we could devise such an arrangement,” he said, “it would
still be incomprehensible how the energy liberated by the passing of an electron from one substance to the other, viz., from one
iron atom to the other, could do anything useful.”
Szent-Györgyi proposed that organisms are alive because thousands of molecules form single systems with shared energy
levels, such as physicists were describing in crystals. Electrons don’t have to pass directly from one molecule to another, he
said; instead of being attached to only one or two atoms, electrons are mobile, belong to the whole system, and transmit
energy
and information over large distances. In other words, the stuff of life is not billiard balls but liquid crystals and semiconductors.
Szent-Györgyi’s sin was not that he was incorrect. He wasn’t. It was his failure to respect the old animosity. Electricity and life
were long divorced; the industrial revolution had been running full bore for a century and a half. Millions of miles of electric
wires clothed the earth, exhaling electric fields that permeated all living things. Thousands of radio stations blanketed the very
air with electromagnetic oscillations that one could not avoid. Skin and bones, nerves and muscles were not allowed to be
influenced by them.
Proteins were not permitted to be semiconductors. The threat to industry, economics, and modern culture would be too great.
So biochemists continued to think of proteins, lipids, and DNA as though they were little marbles drifting in a watery solution
and colliding with one another at random. They even thought of the nervous system this way. When forced to, they admitted
parts of quantum theory, but only on a limited basis. Biological molecules were still only permitted to interact with their
immediate neighbors, not to act at a distance. It was okay to acknowledge modern physics only that much, like opening a small
hole in a dam for knowledge to leak through one drop at a time, while the main structure is reinforced lest a flood demolish it.
Old knowledge about chemical bonds and enzymes in a water solution must now coexist with new models of electron transport
chains. It was necessary to invent these to explain phenomena that were most central to life: photosynthesis and respiration.
Large porphyrin-containing protein molecules no longer had to move and physically interact with one another in order for
anything useful to happen. These molecules could stay put and electrons could shuttle between them instead. Biochemistry
was becoming that much more alive. But it still had a long way to go. For even in the new models, electrons were constrained
to move only, like little messenger boys, between one protein molecule and its immediate neighbor. They could cross the street,
so to speak, but they couldn’t travel down a highway to a distant town.
Organisms were still pictured essentially as bags of water containing very complex solutions of chemicals. The laws of
chemistry had explained a lot about metabolic processes, and
electron transport now explained even more, but there was not yet an organizing principle. Elephants grow from tiny embryos,
which grow from single brainless cells. Salamanders regenerate perfect limbs. When we are cut, or break a bone, cells and
organs throughout our body mobilize and coordinate their activities to repair the damage. How does the information travel?
How, borrowing Szent-Györgyi’s words, do protein molecules “live”?
Despite Szent-Györgyi’s sin, his predictions have proven correct. Molecules in cells do not drift at random to collide with one
another. Most are firmly anchored to membranes. The water inside cells is highly structured and does not resemble the freeflowing liquid that sloshes around in a glass before you drink it. Piezoelectricity, a property of crystals that makes them
useful in electronic products, that transforms mechanical stress into electrical voltages and vice versa, has been found in
cellulose, collagen, horn, bone, wool, wood, tendon, blood vessel walls, muscle, nerve, fibrin, DNA, and every type of protein
examined.
10 In other words—something most biologists have been denying for two centuries—electricity is essential to biology. SzentGyörgyi was not the first to challenge conventional thinking. It was Otto Lehmann, already in 1908, who, noticing the close
resemblance between the shapes of known liquid crystals and many biological structures, proposed that the very basis of life
was the liquid crystalline state. Liquid crystals, like organisms, had the ability to grow from seeds; to heal wounds; to consume
other substances, or other crystals; to be poisoned; to form membranes, spheres, rods, filaments and helical structures; to
divide; to “mate” with other forms, resulting in offspring that had characteristics of both parents; to transform chemical energy
into mechanical motion.
After Szent-Györgyi’s daring Budapest lecture, others pursued his ideas. In 1949, Dutch researcher E. Katz explained how
electrons could move through a semiconducting chlorophyll crystal during photosynthesis. In 1955, James Bassham and
Melvin Calvin, working for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, elaborated on this theory. In 1956, William Arnold, at Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, confirmed experimentally that dried chloroplasts —the particles in green plants that contain
chlorophyll—have many of the properties of semiconductors. In 1959, Daniel Eley, at Nottingham University, proved that dried
proteins, amino acids, and porphyrins are indeed semiconductors. In 1962, Roderick Clayton, also at Oak Ridge, found that
photosynthetic tissues in living plants behave like semiconductors. In 1970, Alan Adler, at the New England Institute, showed
that thin films of porphyrins do also. In the 1970s, biochemist Freeman Cope, at the United States Naval Air Development
Center in Warminster, Pennsylvania, emphasized the importance of solid state physics for a true understanding of biology, as
did biologist Allan Frey, the most active American researcher into the effects of microwave radiation on the nervous system at
that time. Ling Wei, professor of electrical engineering at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, stated baldly that a nerve axon
is an electrical transmission line and that its membrane is an ionic transistor. He said that the equivalent circuitry “can be found
in any electronics book today,” and that “one can easily derive the nerve behavior from semiconductor physics.” When he did
so, his equations predicted some of the properties of nerves that were, and still are, puzzling to physiologists. In 1979, a young
professor of bioelectronics at the University of Edinburgh published a book titled Dielectric and Electronic Properties of
Biological Materials. The earlier work of Eley and Arnold had been criticized because the activation energies they had
measured—the amount of energy necessary to make proteins conduct electricity—seemed to be too large. Supposedly there
was not enough energy available in living organisms to lift electrons into the conduction band. Proteins might be made to
conduct
electricity in the laboratory, said the critics, but this could not happen in the real world. Eley and Arnold, however, had done all
their work on dried proteins, not living ones. The young professor, Ronald Pethig, pointed out the obvious: water is essential to
life, and proteins become more conductive if you added water to them. In fact, studies had shown that adding only 7.5 percent
water increased the conductivity of many proteins ten thousandfold or more! Water, he proposed, is an electron donor that
“dopes” proteins and turns them into good semiconductors.
The electronic role of living water had already been noted by others. Physiologist Gilbert Ling, realizing that cell water is a gel
and not a liquid, developed his theory of the electronic nature of cells in 1962. More recently, Gerald Pollack, professor of
bioengineering at the University of Washington, has taken up this line of investigation. He was inspired by Ling when they met
at a conference in the mid-1980s. Pollack’s most recent book, The Fourth Phase of Water: Beyond Solid, Liquid, and Vapor,
was published in 2011.
The late geneticist Mae-Wan Ho, in London, has clothed Szent-Györgyi’s ideas in garments that all can see. She developed a
technique using a polarizing microscope that displayed, in vivid color, the interference patterns generated by the liquid
crystalline structures that make up living creatures. The first animal she put under her microscope was a tiny worm—a fruit fly
larva. “As it crawls along, it weaves its head from side to side flashing jaw muscles in blue and orange stripes on a magenta
background,” she wrote in 1993 in her book, The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms. She and many others
have urged that the liquid crystalline properties of our cells and tissues not only teach us about our chemistry, but have
something
special to tell us about life itself.
Włodzimierz Sedlak, pursuing Szent-Györgyi’s ideas in Poland, developed the discipline of bioelectronics within the Catholic
University of Lublin during the 1960s. Life, he said, is not only a collection of organic compounds undergoing chemical
reactions, but those chemical reactions are coordinated with electronic processes that take place in an environment of protein
semiconductors. Other scientists working at the same university are continuing to develop this discipline theoretically and
experimentally today.
Marian Wnuk has focused on porphyrins as key to the evolution of life. He states that the principal function of porphyrin
systems is an electronic one. Józef Zon, head of the Department of Theoretical Biology at the University, has focused on the
electronic properties of biological membranes. Oddly enough, the use of porphyrins in electronic products instructs us
about biology. Adding thin films of porphyrins to commercially available photovoltaic cells increases the voltage, current, and
total power output.
Prototype solar cells based on porphyrins have been produced, as have organic transistors based on porphyrins. The
properties that make porphyrins suitable in electronics are the same
properties that make us alive. As everyone knows, playing with fire is dangerous; oxidation releases tremendous energy quickly
and violently. How, then, do living organisms make use of oxygen? How do we manage to breathe and metabolize our food
without being destroyed in a conflagration?
The secret lies in the highly pigmented, fluorescent molecule called porphyrin. Strong pigments are always efficient energy
absorbers, and if they are also fluorescent, they are also good energy transmitters. As SzentGyörgyi taught us in his 1957
book, Bioenergetics, “fluorescence thus tells us that the molecule is capable of accepting energy and does not dissipate it.
These are two qualities any molecule must have to be able to act as an energy transmitter.”
Porphyrins are more efficient energy transmitters than any other of life’s components. In technical terms, their ionization
potential is low, and their electron affinity high. They are therefore capable of transmitting large amounts of energy rapidly in
small steps, one low-energy electron at a time. They can even transmit energy electronically from oxygen to other
molecules, instead of dissipating that energy as heat and burning up. That’s why breathing is possible. On the other side of the
great cycle of life, porphyrins in plants absorb the energy of sunlight and transport electrons that change carbon dioxide and
water into carbohydrates and oxygen.
Porphyrins, the Nervous System, and the Environment
There is one more place these surprising molecules are found: in the nervous system, the organ where electrons flow. In fact,
in mammals, the central nervous system is the only organ that shines with the red fluorescent glow of porphyrins when
examined under ultraviolet light. These porphyrins, too, perform a function that is basic to life. They occur, however, in a
location
where one might least expect to find them—not in the neurons themselves, the cells that carry messages from our five senses
to our brain, but in the myelin sheaths that envelop them—the sheaths whose role has been almost totally neglected by
researchers and whose breakdown causes one of the most common and least understood neurological diseases of our time:
multiple
sclerosis. It was orthopedic surgeon Robert O. Becker who, in the 1970s, discovered that myelin sheaths are really electrical
transmission lines.
In a state of health the myelin sheaths contain primarily two types of porphyrins—coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin—in a
ratio of two to one, complexed with zinc. The exact composition is crucial. When environmental chemicals poison the porphyrin
pathway, excess porphyrins, bound to heavy metals, build up in the nervous system as in the rest of the body. This disrupts
the myelin sheaths and changes their conductivity which, in turn, alters the excitability of the nerves they surround. The entire
nervous system becomes hyperreactive to stimuli of all kinds, including electromagnetic fields.
The cells surrounding our nerves were hardly even studied until recently. In the nineteenth century, anatomists, finding no
apparent function for them, supposed that they must have only a “nutritive” and “supportive” role, protecting the “real” nerves
that they surrounded. They named them glial cells after the Greek word for “glue.” The discovery of the action potential,
which transmits signals along each neuron, and of neurotransmitters, the chemicals that carry signals from one neuron to the
next, had ended the discussion. From then on, glial cells were thought to be little more than packing material. Most biologists
ignored the fact, discovered by German physician Rudolf Virchow in 1854, that myelin is a liquid crystal. They did
not think it was relevant.
However, working from the 1960s to the early 1980s and author, in 1985, of The Body Electric, Becker found quite another
function for the myelincontaining cells and took another step toward restoring electricity to its proper role in the functioning of
living things. When he began his research in 1958, Becker was simply looking for a solution to orthopedists’ greatest unsolved
problem: nonunion of fractures. Occasionally, despite the best medical care, a bone would refuse to heal. Surgeons, believing
that only chemical processes were at work, simply scraped the fracture surfaces, devised complicated plates and screws to
hold the bone ends rigidly together, and hoped for the best. Where this did not work, limbs had to be amputated. “These
approaches seemed superficial to me,” Becker recalled. “I doubted that we would ever understand the failure to heal unless we
truly understood healing itself.”
Becker began to pursue the ideas of Albert Szent-Györgyi, thinking that if proteins were semiconductors, maybe bones were
too, and maybe electron flow was the secret to the healing of fractures. Ultimately he proved that this was correct. Bones were
not just made of collagen and appatite, as he was taught in medical school; they were also doped with tiny amounts of copper,
much as silicon wafers in computers are doped with tiny amounts of boron or aluminum. The presence of greater or lesser
amounts of metal atoms regulates the electrical conductivity of the circuitry—in bones as in computers. With this
understanding, Becker designed machines that delivered miniscule electric currents—as small as 100 trillionths of an ampere—
to
fractured bones to stimulate the healing process, with great success: his devices were the forerunners of machines that are
used today by orthopedic surgeons in hospitals throughout the world.
Becker’s work on the nervous system is less well known. As already mentioned, the functioning of neurons had been worked
out, up to a point, in the nineteenth century. They transmit enormous amounts of information to and from the brain at high
speed, including data about one’s environment, and instructions to one’s muscles. They do this via the familiar action
potential and neurotransmitters. And since the action potential is an all-ornothing event, neuron signaling is an on-off digital
system like today’s computers. But Becker thought that this could not explain the most important properties of life; there had to
be a slower, more primitive, and more sensitive analog system that regulates growth and healing, that we inherited from
lower forms of life—a system that might be related to the acupuncture meridians of Chinese medicine, which western medicine
also made no attempt to understand.
A number of researchers before Becker, among them Harold Saxton Burr at Yale, Lester Barth at Columbia, Elmer Lund at the
University of Texas, Ralph Gerard and Benjamin Libet at the University of Chicago, Theodore Bullock at U.C.L.A., and William
Burge at the University of Illinois, had measured DC voltages on the surfaces of living organisms, both plants and
animals, and embryos. Most biologists paid no attention. After all, certain DC currents, called “currents of injury,” were well
known, and were thought to be well understood. They had been discovered by Carlo Matteucci as long ago as the 1830s.
Biologists had assumed, for a century, that these currents were meaningless artifacts, caused simply by ions leaking out of
wounds. But when, in the 1930s and 1940s, a growing number of scientists, using better techniques, began to find DC voltages
on all surfaces of all living things, and not just on the surfaces of wounds, a few began to wonder whether “currents of injury”
just might be a bit more important than they had learned in school.
The accumulated work of these scientists showed that trees, 16 and probably all plants, are polarized electrically, positive to
negative, from leaves to roots, and that animals are similarly polarized from head to feet. In humans potential differences of up
to 150 millivolts or more could sometimes be measured between one part of the body and another.
Becker was the first to map the charge distribution in an animal in some detail, accomplishing this with salamanders in 1960.
The places of greatest positive voltage, he found, as measured from the back of the animal, were the center of the head, the
upper spine over the heart, and the lumbosacral plexus at the lower end of the spine, while the places of greatest negative
voltage were the four feet and the end of the tail. In addition, the head of an alert animal was polarized from back to front, as
though an electric current were always flowing in one direction through the middle of its brain. However, when an animal was
anesthetized the voltage diminished as the anesthetic took effect, and then the head reversed polarity when the animal lost
consciousness. This suggested to him a novel method of inducing anesthesia, and when Becker tried it, it worked like a charm.
In the salamander, at least, passing an electric current of only 30 millionths of an ampere from front to back through the center
of its head caused the animal to become immediately unconscious and unresponsive to pain. When the current was turned off,
the animal promptly woke up. He observed the same back-to-front polarity in alert humans, and the same reversal during sleep
and anesthesia.
While Becker did not try it himself, even tinier electric currents have been used in psychiatry to put humans to sleep since about
1950 in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Asian countries that were once part of the Soviet Union. In these treatments, current is
sent from front to back through the midline of the head, reversing the normal polarity of the brain, just as Becker did with his
salamanders. The first publications describing this procedure specified short pulses of 10 to 15 microamperes each, 5 to 25
times per second, which gave an average current of only about 30 billionths of an ampere. Although larger currents will cause
immediate unconsciousness in a human, just like in a salamander, those tiny currents are all that is necessary to put a person
to sleep. This technique, called “electrosleep,” has been used for over half a century to treat mental disorders, including manicdepressive illness and schizophrenia, in that part of the world.
The normal electrical potentials of the body are also necessary for the perception of pain. The abolition of pain in a person’s
arm, for example, whether caused by a chemical anesthetic, hypnosis, or acupuncture, is accompanied by a reversal of
electrical polarity in that arm. By the 1970s it had become clear to the researchers who were looking into such things that the
DC potentials they were measuring played a key role in organizing living structures. They were necessary for growth and
development. They were also needed for regeneration and healing.
Tweedy John Todd demonstrated as long ago as 1823 that a salamander cannot regenerate a severed leg if you destroy that
leg’s nerve supply. So for a century and a half, scientists searched for the chemical signal that must be transmitted by nerves to
trigger growth. No one ever found one. Finally, embryologist Sylvan Meryl Rose, in the mid-1970s at Tulane University,
proposed that maybe there was no such chemical, and that the long-sought signal was purely electrical. Could the currents of
injury, he asked, that had previously been considered mere artifacts, themselves play a central role in healing?
Rose found that they did. He recorded the patterns of the currents in the wound stumps of salamanders as they regenerated
their severed limbs. The end of the stump, he found, was always strongly positive during the first few days after injury, then
reversed polarity to become strongly negative for the next couple of weeks, finally reestablishing the weakly negative voltage
found on all healthy salamander legs. Rose then found that salamanders would regenerate their legs normally, even without a
nerve supply, provided he carefully duplicated, with an artificial source of current, the electrical patterns of healing that he had
observed. Regeneration would not take place if the polarity, magnitude, or sequence of currents were not correct.
Once having established that the signals that trigger regeneration are electrical and not chemical in nature, these scientists
were in for yet another surprise. For the DC potentials of the body that, as we have seen, are necessary not just for
regeneration but for growth, healing, pain perception, and even consciousness, seemed to be generated not in the “real”
nerves but
in the myelin-containing cells that surround them—the cells that also contain porphyrins. Proof came by accident while Becker
was again working on the problem of why some bone fractures fail to mend. Since he had already learned that nerves were
essential to healing, he tried, in the early 1970s, to create an animal model for fractures that do not heal by severing the nerve
supply to a series of rats’ legs before breaking them.
To his surprise, the leg bones still healed normally—with a six-day delay.Yet six days was not nearly enough time for a rat to
regenerate a severed nerve. Could bones be an exception, he wondered, to the rule that nerves are needed for healing? “Then
we took a more detailed look at the specimens,” wrote Becker. “We found that the Schwann cell sheaths were growing across
the gap during the six-day delay. As soon as the perineural sleeve was mended, the bones began to heal normally, indicating
that at least the healing, or output, signal, was being carried by the sheath rather than the nerve itself. The cells that biologists
had considered merely insulation turned out to be the real wires.”
It was the Schwann cells, Becker concluded—the myelincontaining glial cells—and not the neurons they surrounded, that
carried the currents that determined growth and healing. And in a much earlier study Becker had already shown that the DC
currents that flow along salamander legs, and presumably along the limbs and bodies of all higher animals, are of
semiconducting type.
Which brings us full circle. The myelin sheaths—the liquid crystalline sleeves surrounding our nerves—contain semiconducting
porphyrins, 24 doped with heavy metal atoms, probably zinc.
It was Harvey Solomon and Frank Figge who, in 1958, first proposed that these porphyrins must play an important role in nerve
conduction. The implications of this are especially
important for people with chemical and electromagnetic sensitivities. Those of us who, genetically, have relatively less of one or
more porphyrin enzymes, may have a “nervous temperament” because our myelin is doped with slightly more zinc than our
neighbors’ and is more easily disturbed by the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) around us. Toxic chemicals and EMFs are
therefore synergistic: exposure to toxins further disrupts the porphyrin pathway, causing the accumulation of more porphyrins
and their precursors, rendering the myelin and the nerves they surround still more sensitive to EMFs. According to more recent
research, a large excess of porphyrin precursors can prevent the synthesis of myelin and break apart the myelin
sheaths, leaving the neurons they surround naked and exposed.
The true situation is undoubtedly more complex than this, but to put all the pieces correctly together will require researchers
who are willing to step outside our cultural blinders and acknowledge the existence of electrical transmission lines in the
nervous systems of animals. Already, mainstream science has taken the first step by finally acknowledging that glial cells are
much more than packing material. 27 In fact, a discovery by a team of researchers at the University of Genoa is currently
revolutionizing neurology. Their discovery is related to breathing.
Everyone knows that the brain consumes more oxygen than any other organ, and that if a person stops breathing, the brain is
the first organ to die. What the Italian team confirmed in 2009 is that as much as ninety percent of that oxygen is consumed not
by the brain’s nerve cells, but by the myelin sheaths that surround them. Traditional wisdom has it that the consumption
of oxygen for energy takes place only in tiny bodies inside cells called mitochondria. That wisdom has now been turned on its
head. In the nervous system, at least, most of the oxygen appears to be consumed in the multiple layers of fatty substance
called myelin, which contain no mitochondria at all, but which forty-year-old research showed contains non-heme porphyrins
and is semiconducting. Some scientists are even beginning to say that the myelin sheath is, in effect, itself a giant
mitochondrion, without which the huge oxygen needs of our brain and nervous system could never be met. But to truly make
sense of this collection of facts will also require the recognition that both the neurons, as Ling Wei proposed, and the myelin
sheaths that envelop them, as Robert Becker proposed, work together to form a complex and elegant electrical transmission
line system, subject to electrical interference just like transmission lines built by human engineers.
The exquisite sensitivity of even the normal nervous system to electromagnetic fields was proven in 1956 by zoologists Carlo
Terzuolo and Theodore Bullock—and then ignored by everyone since. In fact, even Terzuolo and Bullock were astonished by
the results. Experimenting on crayfish, they found that although a substantial amount of electric current was needed to cause a
previously silent nerve to fire, incredibly tiny currents could cause an already firing nerve to alter its firing rate tremendously. A
current of only 36 billionths of an ampere was enough to increase or decrease a nerve’s rate of firing by five to ten percent. And
a current of 150 billionths of an ampere—thousands of times less than is widely assumed, still today, by
developers of modern safety codes, to have any biological effect whatever—would actually double the rate of firing, or silence
the nerve altogether. Whether it increased or decreased the activity of the nerve depended only on the direction in which the
current was applied to the nerve
The Zinc Connection
New working of ‘Tobacco Road type song’
theres pe ople love free dom
A 0 3BEND D0 0 3BEND PULL DOWN 0
PICK 000230 OR 032033 ETC
and theyre not a fraid to die ie ie
A0 0 3BEND 0 0 0 E3 1 E-1 NEED TO DETUNE JUST – ONLY E2 STRING
E3 BEND A0 ALT NOT REQIRING DETUNING E2
figh ting for li ber ty
A03 D0 0 3BEND 0 0
A0 0 3BEND 0 0 0 E3BEND AO
SHOUL DNT COME AS A SUR PRI I ISE
TYRANTS CALL THEM TER ROR RISTS
TEACH THE PEO PLE TO DE SPISE ISE
OATH KEE PERS AND MI LI TIAS
WHOM THEY DE FAME AND
DON’T TREAD ON ME YA HEAR?
A3BEND D0 0 3BEND 0 0
I’M A PEACE LOV -VIN- MA -AN
A0 0 3BEND 0 0 E3 A0
BUT I WONT SUB MIT TO TYR -A -NY
A0 0 3BEND D0 0 0 3BEND 0 0
I’LL LIVE AND DIE A FREE MAN
E0 0 0 3 A0 0 0
DON’T BE THINK IN’ TO TAKE O -VER
NOT ON MY WATCH
NOT IN MY LAND
I’LL LIVE AND DIE A FREE MA A AN
E3 1 -1
NO I WANT LIVE IN FEAR
AND I WONT BACK DOWN
YOU CAN TAKE THAT TO THE GOV-ERN-MENT
NO I’LL NE VER GIVE IN
NO I’LL NE VER GIVE UP
WE WONT TAKE A NY MORE
WE’VE TA KEN MORE THAN E NOU OUGH
NOW I’M CAL-LIN ON ALL
RIGHT THIN KIN’, FREE FOLK
THIS FIGHT FOR THE RIGHT
NEEDS THE RIGHT KIND OF STU UFF
THEY BEEN PUSHIN’ SO HARD FOR SO LONG
SURE-LY IT’S TIME TO PUSH BACK
YOUR CON STI TU TION NEEDS YOU
YOUR RIGHTS ARE U NDER A TTA ACK
THEY SAY ITS TO PRO TECT OUR FREE DOM
AND THEY WONT HAVE US TAL -KIN’ BACK
TA -KIN’ BACK OUR LI ‘BER TY
THEY’VE GOT THE GOV ERN MENT STA ACKED
CON-TROLLED OP PO SI TION
POL I TIC IANS ONE AND OR ALL
DAMN SNAKES THAT CAN’T BE TRU’STED
THEY TAKE US FOR FOOLS
SET US UP FOR A MIGH TY FALL
WHEN WILL YOU SAY
EN OUGH IS E NOUGH
Redox Reactions
Understand the role movement of electrons plays in energy exchanges in cells
Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and
reduction reactions. Oxidation and reduction occur in tandem. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the
addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of
reactions are called oxidation reduction reactions, or redox reactions.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Relate the movement of electrons to oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
Describe how cells store and transfer free energy using ATP
Electrons and Energy
Let’s imagine that you are a cell. You’ve just been given a big, juicy glucose molecule, and you’d like to convert some of the energy in this
glucose molecule into a more usable form, one that you can use to power your metabolic reactions. How can you go about this? What’s the best
way for you to squeeze as much energy as possible out of that glucose molecule, and to capture this energy in a handy form?
Fortunately for us, our cells—and those of other living organisms—are excellent at harvesting energy from glucose and other organic molecules,
such as fats and amino acids. Here, we’ll go through a quick overview of how cells break down fuels, then look at the electron transfer reactions
(redox reactions) that are key to this process.
Overview of fuel breakdown pathways
The reactions that allow energy to be extracted from molecules such as glucose, fats, and amino acids are called catabolic reactions, meaning that
they involve breaking a larger molecule into smaller pieces. For example, when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen, it’s converted
into six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules. The overall reaction for this process can be written as:
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2OΔ�=−686kcal/molC6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2OΔG=−686kcal/mol
This reaction, as written, is simply a combustion reaction, similar to what takes place when you burn a piece of wood in a fireplace or gasoline in
an engine. Does this mean that glucose is continually combusting inside of your cells? Thankfully, not quite! The combustion reaction describes
the overall process that takes place, but inside of a cell, this process is broken down into many smaller steps. Energy contained in the bonds of
glucose is released in small bursts, and some of it can be captured in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a small molecule that is used to
power reactions in the cell. Much of the energy from glucose is still lost as heat, but enough is captured to keep the metabolism of the cell running.
As a glucose molecule is gradually broken down, some of the breakdowns steps release energy that is captured directly as ATP. In these steps, a
phosphate group is transferred from a pathway intermediate straight to ADP, a process known as substrate-level phosphorylation. Many more
steps, however, produce ATP in an indirect way. In these steps, electrons from glucose are transferred to small molecules known as electron
carriers. The electron carriers take the electrons to a group of proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, called the electron transport
chain. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, they go from a higher to a lower energy level and are ultimately passed to oxygen
(forming water). Energy released in the electron transport chain is captured as a proton gradient, which powers production of ATP by a membrane
protein called ATP synthase. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation. A simplified diagram of oxidative and substrate-level
phosphorylation is shown below.
Figure 1. Image modified from “Etc4” by Fvasconcellos (public domain).
When organic fuels like glucose are broken down using an electron transport chain that ends with oxygen, the breakdown process is known
as aerobic respiration (aerobic = oxygen-requiring). Most eukaryotic cells, as well as many bacteria and other prokaryotes, can carry out aerobic
respiration. Some prokaryotes have pathways similar to aerobic respiration, but with a different inorganic molecule, such as sulfur, substituted for
oxygen. These pathways are not oxygen-dependent, so the breakdown process is called anaerobic respiration (anaerobic = non-oxygen-
requiring). Officially, both processes are examples of cellular respiration, the breakdown of down organic fuels using an electron transport chain.
However, cellular respiration is commonly used as a synonym for aerobic respiration, and we’ll use it that way here[1].
Redox Reactions
Cellular respiration involves many reactions in which electrons are passed from one molecule to another. Reactions involving electron transfers
are known as oxidation-reduction reactions (or redox reactions), and they play a central role in the metabolism of a cell. In a redox reaction,
one of the reacting molecules loses electrons and is said to be oxidized, while another reacting molecule gains electrons (the ones lost by the first
molecule) and is said to be reduced. You can remember what oxidation and reduction mean with the handy mnemonic “LEO goes
GER”: Lose Electrons, Oxidized; Gain Electrons,Reduced. The formation of magnesium chloride is one simple example of a redox reaction:
Mg+Cl2→Mg2++2Cl−Mg+Cl2→Mg2++2Cl−
In this reaction, the magnesium atom loses two electrons, so it is oxidized. These two electrons are accepted by chlorine, which is reduced. The
atom or molecule that donates electrons (in this case, magnesium) is called the reducing agent, because its donation of electrons allows another
molecule to become reduced. The atom or molecule that accepts the electrons (in this case, chlorine) is known as the oxidizing agent, because its
acceptance of electrons allows the other molecule to become oxidized.
Redox reactions with carbon-containing molecules
When a reaction involves the formation of ions, as in the example with magnesium and chlorine above, it’s relatively easy to see that electrons are
being transferred. Not all redox reactions involve the complete transfer of electrons, though, and this is particularly true of reactions important in
cellular metabolism. Instead, some redox reactions simply change the amount of electron density on a particular atom by altering how it shares
electrons in covalent bonds. As an example, let’s consider the combustion of butane:
Figure 2. Butane: 2C4H10+13O2→8CO2+10H2O2C4H10+13O2→8CO2+10H2O
What’s the electron-sharing situation at the start of the reaction? In butane, the carbon atoms are all bonded to other carbons and hydrogens.
In C−CC−C bonds, electrons are shared equally, and in C−HC−H bonds, the CC atom has a very slight negative charge (since it’s a bit more
electronegative than hydrogen). Similarly, when oxygens are bonded to one another in O2O2, start subscript, 2, end subscript, electrons are shared
very equally. After the reaction, however, the electron-sharing picture looks quite different. Oxygen is much more electronegative than carbon, so
the in the C=OC=O bonds of carbon dioxide, oxygen will “hog” the bond electrons. In the O−HO−H bonds of water, oxygen will similarly pull
electrons away from the hydrogen atoms. Thus, relative to its state before the reaction, carbon has lost electron density (because oxygen is now
hogging its electrons), while oxygen has gained electron density (because it can now hog electrons shared with other elements). It’s thus
reasonable to say that carbon was oxidized during this reaction, while oxygen was reduced. (Hydrogen arguably loses a little electron density too,
though its electrons were being hogged to some degree in either case.) Biologists often refer to whole molecules, rather than individual atoms, as
being reduced or oxidized; thus, we can say that butane—the source of the carbons—is oxidized, while molecular oxygen—the source of the
oxygen atoms—is reduced.
It’s important to understand that oxidation and reduction reactions are fundamentally about the transfer of electrons. In the context of biology,
however, you may find it helpful to use the gain or loss of H and O atoms as a proxy for the transfer of electrons. As a general rule of thumb, if a
carbon-containing molecule gains H atoms or loses O atoms during a reaction, it’s likely been reduced (gained electrons). Conversely, if it loses H
atoms or gains O atoms, it’s probably been oxidized (lost electrons). For example, let’s go back to the reaction for glucose
breakdown,C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2OC6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O. In glucose, carbon is associated with H atoms, while in carbon
dioxide, no Hs are present. Thus, we would predict that glucose is oxidized in this reaction.
We can confirm this if we look at the actual electron shifts involved, as in the video below:
Energy in Redox Reactions
Figure 3. Click on the image for a larger view. Image based on similar diagram by Ryan Gutierrez.
Like other chemical reactions, redox reactions involve a free energy change. Reactions that move the system from a higher to a lower energy state
are spontaneous and release energy, while those that do the opposite require an input of energy. In redox reactions, energy is released when an
electron loses potential energy as a result of the transfer. Electrons have more potential energy when they are associated with less electronegative
atoms (such as C or H), and less potential energy when they are associated with a more electronegative atom (such as O). Thus, a redox reaction
that moves electrons or electron density from a less to a more electronegative atom will be spontaneous and release energy. For instance, the
combustion of butane (above) releases energy because there is a net shift of electron density away from carbon and hydrogen and onto oxygen. If
you’ve heard it said that molecules like glucose have “high-energy” electrons, this is a reference to the relatively high potential energy of the
electrons in their C−CC−C and C−HC−H bonds.
Quite a bit of energy can be released when electrons in C−CC−C and C−HC−H bonds are shifted to oxygen. In a cell, however, it’s not a great
idea to release all that energy at once in a combustion reaction. Instead, cells harvest energy from glucose in a controlled fashion, capturing as
much of it as possible in the form of ATP. This is accomplished by oxidizing glucose in a gradual, rather than an explosive, sort of way. There are
two important ways in which this oxidation is gradual:
Rather than pulling all the electrons off of glucose at the same time, cellular respiration strips them away in pairs. The redox reactions that
remove electron pairs from glucose transfer them to small molecules called electron carriers.
The electron carriers deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, a series of proteins and organic molecules in the inner
mitochondrial membrane. Electrons are passed from one component to the next in a series of energy-releasing steps, allowing energy to be
captured in the form of an electrochemical gradient.
We’ll look at both redox carriers and the electron transport chain in more detail below.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, oxidizing it, results in a decrease in potential energy in the oxidized compound. The electron
(sometimes as part of a hydrogen atom), does not remain unbonded, however, in the cytoplasm of a cell. Rather, the electron is shifted to a second
compound, reducing the second compound. The shift of an electron from one compound to another removes some potential energy from the first
compound (the oxidized compound) and increases the potential energy of the second compound (the reduced compound). The transfer of electrons
between molecules is important because most of the energy stored in atoms and used to fuel cell functions is in the form of high-energy electrons.
The transfer of energy in the form of electrons allows the cell to transfer and use energy in an incremental fashion—in small packages rather than
in a single, destructive burst. This module focuses on the extraction of energy from food; you will see that as you track the path of the transfers,
you are tracking the path of electrons moving through metabolic pathways.
Electron Carriers
Electron carriers, sometimes called electron shuttles, are small organic molecules that readily cycle between oxidized and reduced forms and are
used to transport electrons during metabolic reactions. There are two electron carriers that play particularly important roles during cellular
respiration: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, shown below) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). Both NAD+ and FAD can serve as
oxidizing agents, accepting a pair of electrons, along with one or more protons, to switch to their reduced forms. NAD+ accepts two electrons and
one H+ to become NADH, while FAD accepts two electrons and two H+ to become FADH2. NAD+ is the primary electron carrier used during
cellular respiration, with FAD participating in just one (or two sometimes two) reactions.
Figure 4. The oxidized form of the electron carrier (NAD+) is shown on the left and the reduced form (NADH) is shown on the right. The
nitrogenous base in NADH has one more hydrogen ion and two more electrons than in NAD+.
As shown in the image above, NAD+ is a small organic molecule whose structure includes the RNA nucleotide adenine. (FAD is a similar type of
molecule, although its functional groups are different.) Both molecules are B vitamin derivatives, with NAD+ produced from niacin and FAD
produced from riboflavin. NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes, organic molecules that serve as helpers during enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and they
receive electrons and protons as part of these reactions. Specifically, both NAD+ and FAD serve as cofactors for enzymes
called dehydrogenases, which remove one or more hydrogen atoms from their substrates.
The Electron Transport Chain
In their reduced forms, NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They deposit their
electrons at or near the beginning of the transport chain, and the electrons are then passed along from one protein or organic molecule to the next
in a predictable series of steps. Importantly, the movement of electrons through the transport chain is energetically “downhill,” such that energy is
released at each step. In redox terms, this means that each member of the electron transport chain is more electronegative (electron-hungry) that
the one before it, and less electronegative than the one after[2]. NAD+, which deposits its electrons at the beginning of the chain as NADH, is the
least electronegative, while oxygen, which receives the electrons at the end of the chain (along with H+) to form water, is the most
electronegative. As electrons trickle “downhill” through the transport chain, they release energy, and some of this energy is captured in the form of
an electrochemical gradient and used to make ATP.
ATP in Living Systems
A living cell cannot store significant amounts of free energy. Excess free energy would result in an increase of heat in the cell, which would result
in excessive thermal motion that could damage and then destroy the cell. Rather, a cell must be able to handle that energy in a way that enables the
cell to store energy safely and release it for use only as needed. Living cells accomplish this by using the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP is often called the “energy currency” of the cell, and, like currency, this versatile compound can be used to fill any energy need of the cell.
How? It functions similarly to a rechargeable battery.
When ATP is broken down, usually by the removal of its terminal phosphate group, energy is released. The energy is used to do work by the cell,
usually by the released phosphate binding to another molecule, activating it. For example, in the mechanical work of muscle contraction, ATP
supplies the energy to move the contractile muscle proteins. Recall the active transport work of the sodium-potassium pump in cell membranes.
ATP alters the structure of the integral protein that functions as the pump, changing its affinity for sodium and potassium. In this way, the cell
performs work, pumping ions against their electrochemical gradients.
ATP Structure and Function
Figure 5. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has three phosphate groups that can be removed by hydrolysis to form ADP (adenosine diphosphate) or
AMP (adenosine monophosphate).The negative charges on the phosphate group naturally repel each other, requiring energy to bond them together
and releasing energy when these bonds are broken.
At the heart of ATP is a molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is composed of an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule
and to a single phosphate group (Figure 5). Ribose is a five-carbon sugar found in RNA, and AMP is one of the nucleotides in RNA. The addition
of a second phosphate group to this core molecule results in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP); the addition of a third phosphate
group forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule requires energy. Phosphate groups are negatively charged and thus repel one another when they
are arranged in series, as they are in ADP and ATP. This repulsion makes the ADP and ATP molecules inherently unstable. The release of one or
two phosphate groups from ATP, a process called dephosphorylation, releases energy.
Energy from ATP
Hydrolysis is the process of breaking complex macromolecules apart. During hydrolysis, water is split, or lysed, and the resulting hydrogen atom
(H+) and a hydroxyl group (OH–) are added to the larger molecule. The hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP, together with an inorganic phosphate
ion (Pi), and the release of free energy. To carry out life processes, ATP is continuously broken down into ADP, and like a rechargeable battery,
ADP is continuously regenerated into ATP by the reattachment of a third phosphate group. Water, which was broken down into its hydrogen atom
and hydroxyl group during ATP hydrolysis, is regenerated when a third phosphate is added to the ADP molecule, reforming ATP.
Obviously, energy must be infused into the system to regenerate ATP. Where does this energy come from? In nearly every living thing on earth,
the energy comes from the metabolism of glucose. In this way, ATP is a direct link between the limited set of exergonic pathways of glucose
catabolism and the multitude of endergonic pathways that power living cells.
Phosphorylation
Recall that, in some chemical reactions, enzymes may bind to several substrates that react with each other on the enzyme, forming an intermediate
complex. An intermediate complex is a temporary structure, and it allows one of the substrates (such as ATP) and reactants to more readily react
with each other; in reactions involving ATP, ATP is one of the substrates and ADP is a product. During an endergonic chemical reaction, ATP
forms an intermediate complex with the substrate and enzyme in the reaction. This intermediate complex allows the ATP to transfer its third
phosphate group, with its energy, to the substrate, a process called phosphorylation. Phosphorylation refers to the addition of the phosphate (~P).
This is illustrated by the following generic reaction:
A + enzyme + ATP → [A − enzyme − ~P] → B + enzyme + ADP + phosphate ion
When the intermediate complex breaks apart, the energy is used to modify the substrate and convert it into a product of the reaction. The ADP
molecule and a free phosphate ion are released into the medium and are available for recycling through cell metabolism.
Substrate Phosphorylation
ATP is generated through two mechanisms during the breakdown of glucose. A few ATP molecules are generated (that is, regenerated from ADP)
as a direct result of the chemical reactions that occur in the catabolic pathways. A phosphate group is removed from an intermediate reactant in the
pathway, and the free energy of the reaction is used to add the third phosphate to an available ADP molecule, producing ATP (Figure 6). This very
direct method of phosphorylation is called substrate-level phosphorylation.
Figure 6. In phosphorylation reactions, the gamma phosphate of ATP is attached to a protein.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Most of the ATP generated during glucose catabolism, however, is derived from a much more complex process, chemiosmosis, which takes place
in mitochondria (Figure 7) within a eukaryotic cell or the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell.
Figure 7. The mitochondria (Credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
Chemiosmosis, a process of ATP production in cellular metabolism, is used to generate 90 percent of the ATP made during glucose catabolism
and is also the method used in the light reactions of photosynthesis to harness the energy of sunlight. The production of ATP using the process of
chemiosmosis is called oxidative phosphorylation because of the involvement of oxygen in the process.
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE PHYSICIAN
What happens when the critical reactions of cellular respiration do not proceed correctly? Mitochondrial diseases are genetic disorders of
metabolism. Mitochondrial disorders can arise from mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial DNA, and they result in the production of less energy
than is normal in body cells. In type 2 diabetes, for instance, the oxidation efficiency of NADH is reduced, impacting oxidative phosphorylation
but not the other steps of respiration. Symptoms of mitochondrial diseases can include muscle weakness, lack of coordination, stroke-like
episodes, and loss of vision and hearing. Most affected people are diagnosed in childhood, although there are some adult-onset diseases.
Identifying and treating mitochondrial disorders is a specialized medical field. The educational preparation for this profession requires a college
education, followed by medical school with a specialization in medical genetics. Medical geneticists can be board certified by the American Board
of Medical Genetics and go on to become associated with professional organizations devoted to the study of mitochondrial diseases, such as the
Mitochondrial Medicine Society and the Society for Inherited Metabolic Disease.
IN SUMMARY: ATP IN LIVING SYSTEMS
ATP functions as the energy currency for cells. It allows the cell to store energy briefly and transport it within the cell to support endergonic
chemical reactions. The structure of ATP is that of an RNA nucleotide with three phosphates attached. As ATP is used for energy, a phosphate
group or two are detached, and either ADP or AMP is produced. Energy derived from glucose catabolism is used to convert ADP into ATP. When
ATP is used in a reaction, the third phosphate is temporarily attached to a substrate in a process called phosphorylation. The two processes of ATP
regeneration that are used in conjunction with glucose catabolism are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation through the
process of chemiosmosis.
Check Your Understanding
Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz does not count toward
your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.
Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.
- Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., and Jackson, R. B. (2011). Cellular respiration and fermentation.
In Campbell biology (10th ed., pp. 162–184). San Francisco, CA: Pearson. ↵ - Ibid. ↵
TROONATNOOR 